The immune system has dual natures in series with non-self/self recognition being the most important. Other natures are adaptive/nature or acquired/innate, secondary/primary, passive/active, humoral/cell mediated and some parts or antigen specific. Antigen specific means when it recognizes certain antigens it will act upon them. Some pats are systemic which is the don't just stay at the infected area but go through the body and they have memory, so when they come the same antigen again they know, they will attack it even stronger. The non-self/self recognition is every cell has marker based on the major histocompatibility complex and cells without this marker or attacked as non-self. This works so well that proteins that are not digested treated the same as antigens.
There are certain diseases that break down the immune system and it attacks the self cells. These diseases are called autoimmune and some of these are forms of diabetes and arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus and multiple sclerosis. When the immune system responds inappropriately to innocuous substances such as allergies, this is called allergen.
The two fluid systems are the lymph and blood system are responsible for transporting the immune systems agents through the body. The blood system contains five liters of blood which is about seven percent of a person's body weight. Blood is made of fifty two to sixty two percent liquid plasma and thirty eight to forty
Autoimmune diseases: The Immune system is provided by the body to keep the human system healthy, and virus/bacteria free. Autoimmune diseases occur when a T lymphocyte cell escapes the lymphoid and mistakes an organ/system/tissue for a virus, this rogue T cell than instructs B lymphocytes cells to develop antibodies. These special antibodies are known as ‘autoantibodies’ (special blood proteins that target the individual’s body parts). Autoimmune diseases are supposedly triggered, this is a broad group ranging from being inherited or viruses/hormones.
The immune system is made up of trillions of specialised cells (white blood cells) that detect and destroy pathogens or their toxins. Some white blood cells, which are
The organs that make up the lymphatic and immune system are the tonsils, spleen, thymus gland, lymph nodes, and lymphatic vessels. White blood cells (leukocytes), red blood cells (erythrocytes), plasma, and platelets (thrombocytes) make up the blood. Lymphocytes are leukocytes (white blood cells) that help the body fight off diseases. Two types of lymphocytes are B cells and T cells. Lymphocytes recognize antigens, or foreign substances/matter, in the body. Lymphocytes are a classification of agranulocytes, or cells (-cytes) without (a-) granules (granul/o) in the cytoplasm. B cells are created from stem cells, which are located in the bone marrow. B cells respond to antigens by becoming plasma cells. These plasma cells then create antibodies. Memory B cells produce a stronger response with the next exposure to the antigen. B cells fight off infection and bacteria while T cells defend against viruses and cancer cells. A hormone created by the thymus gland called thymosin changes lymphocytes into T cells. The thymus gland is active when you are a child and slowly shrinks, as you get older. T cells bind to the antigens on the cells and directly attack them. T cells secrete lymphokines that increase T cell production and directly kill cells with antigens. There are three types of T cells: cytotoxic T cells, helper T cells, and memory T cells.
Cell-mediated immunity is part of the immune system that uses specific cells, such as cytotoxic (which is the primary cell responsible for the cell-mediated immunity), as well as memory, helper and suppressor T-cells instead of antibodies which are activated by MHC proteins (as seen in B-cells). They are produced in red bone marrow and recognize infected cells and have the ability to activate B-cells and T-cells. When specific antigens present themselves they are able to destroy them. Antigens being, small protein fragments that are at the cell surface which create an adaptive immune response. T-cells mature in the thymus where they develop immunocompetence and
The lymphatic and immune system are made up of, Lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, spleen, thymus gland and tonsils. They pick up excess tissue fluid, cleanse it and return it to the circulatory system. The component that comprise blood are plasma, erythrocytes, leukocyte and platelets. The way they work is, blood transports gases, nutrient and waste to all areas of the body either attached to erythrohemocys or dissolved in the plasma white blood cells fight infection and disease that can hurt the body. The platelets help stop the blood by clotting the cut so you don’t bleed out and die.
With autoimmune diseases, the underlying issue is similar. The body's immune system becomes unable to recognize healthy cells from diseased cells. Consequently, the immune’s own defense mechanism produces antibodies that attack the normal tissues and cells. Autoimmune diseases
The body's innate immune response is non-specific and provides the first line of defense against invading pathogens such as bacteria through various receptors that detect bacterial components such as the Toll-like Receptors (TLRs). TLRs are a highly conserved family of proteins that play an important role in pathogen recognition and activation of innate immunity. They are transmembrane proteins that detect different components of a bacterial pathogen. Specifically, Toll-like Receptor 4 (TLR4) detects lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from gram-negative bacteria which leads to an activation cascade of cytoplasmic proteins and transcription factors. This results in the induction of cytokines and chemokines which lead to bacterial clearance by way of neutrophil recruitment. TLR4 uses adaptor proteins MyD88 and Trif to initiate the aforementioned signaling cascade. Despite being a receptor for LPS, TLR4 actually has a weak affinity for LPS while co-receptor CD14 has a strong affinity for LPS. However CD14 lacks a transmembrane domain so it cannot initiate cytoplasmic signaling to activate transcription factors for the induction of cytokines and chemokines. These differing characteristics of the LPS co-receptors necessitated the use of two types of knockout mice, one for each of the receptors.
The lymphatic system is part of the circulatory system it is an important part of the immune system. The lymphatic system is made up of lymphatic organs, a conducting network of lymphatic vessels, and the circulating lymph fluid.
Innate immunity refers to the defence mechanisms that are already available prior to the exposure of a pathogen. Therefore, once the body is exposed to a pathogen, the innate immune system can respond swiftly and attack the microorganism, preventing damage to the body. Innate immunity includes: the skin, stomach acid and mucus membranes. If the pathogen still manages to enter the body, then leukocytes within the blood can attack the pathogen. Phagocytes are the main
There are two branches of the immune response: the innate immune response and the adaptive immune response. The innate immune response consists of multiple leukocytes that recognize pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) [1]. These PAMPs are non-specific, conserved motifs present on a broad range of pathogens, and are recognized through various pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) on leukocytes, which trigger a pro-inflammatory response [1]. Conversely, the adaptive immune response is composed of only two leukocytes, B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes. Both subsets of lymphocytes have the capacity to generate an immune response specific to the invading pathogen [1]. In order for this to occur, the adaptive immune system must be able to recognize specific foreign antigens, as opposed to conserved motifs. Thus, stringent regulation of both B and T lymphocytes must occur in order to prevent recognition of self-antigens as foreign; this process is termed self-tolerance. Self-tolerance occurs through two mechanisms. The first is central tolerance, which takes place in the thymus (T cells) and bone marrow (B cells) [2]. Central tolerance selects for individual B and T cells, which do not recognize self-antigens presented to them in the primary lymphoid organs, to continue maturation [2]. The second is peripheral tolerance, which occurs outside of primary lymphoid organs, where B and T lymphocytes are further selected for self-reactivity to antigens that were not presented to
Definition • Cells within immune system that responds to acute and chronic inflammation • Undergoes phagocytosis→ “makro” means big and “pagein” means eat • Stronger and longer life span than neutrophils • Part of innate immunity and initiates adaptive immunity Macrophage formation • Differentiation of monocytes (found in white blood cells) from bone marrow • Able to modify →different structures to fight different foreign materials →host’s first line of defense from infection • Some fixed (attached to connective tissue fibre) and others motile • Surfaces contain specific protein markers → e.g. MHC II, MAC 1, CD14, etc. • Produce interleukin 1 → acts on hypothalamus so microbial infection cause rise in body
The human body is a very complex unit, did you know that our body works as a unit so that we can live each day healthy and energized. Well we are going to be talking about the human body and its immune system, and the importance of it. What we need to do to keep it working properly. What can cause things to go wrong and how to try and prevent them from happening? These things are all very important if we want to live a long and healthy life, with no interferences in the way we need to function.
The lymphatic system is a network of vessels through which lymph drains from the tissues into the blood. The lymphatic system helps protect our bodies from infections and diseases. It is part of the immune system as well as the circulatory system and is made up of a number of lymph vessels, lymph nodes and lymphatic tissue and it is a vascular network of tubules and ducts that collect filter and return lymph to blood circulation. Lymph is a clear liquid that comes from blood plasma that is based at the capillary beds it exits through the blood vessels. This fluid surrounds the cells. The lymph consists of water, proteins, salts, lipids, white blood cells and other substances which have to be returned to the blood.
The immune system consists of two parts, the innate and the adaptive part. The biggest difference is, that the adaptive immune system is very specific for certain pathogens, and it has the ability to remember. That means, that the adaptive immune system gets better after each infection with the same pathogen. (Roitt, et al., 1996)
To humans, having a healthy immune system is essential. Our immune system is important because it helps the body fight any foreign bacteria, viruses, and diseases by attacking it, which is why we must take care of it as much as possible by strengthening it. But this so called defense system can also cause problems such as attacking donated organs or blood from another individual, unless the organs or blood are carefully matched. It may also overreact to harmless invaders such as pollen grains, which can cause hayfever, and even in certain cases, the immune system may turn against the body's own cells. The immune system uses different types of white blood cells. Some of these cells which are called macrophages, are constantly patrolling the