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Ovid: The Tragic Fall Of Phaethon

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Ovid retells the classic myth of Phaethon’s fateful journey in the end of the first book and the beginning of the second book of his Metamorphoses. The original narrative of Phaethon must have been written by someone who had more than a little knowledge of the science of astronomy, according to Henry V. Gummere and John F. Gummere. They observe that Ovid “in writing the story of Phaethon, thought that he was describing the daily journey of the sun.” However, Paethon’s journey takes him through the signs of the zodiac over a period of about six months. The story of Phaethon that is told in Bulfinch’s Greek and Roman Mythology is derived from Ovid, and many modern poets, including John Milton in his Paradise Lost, allude to the catastrophe of …show more content…

Through his vibrant diction and careful word placement, Ovid creates a vivid picture of the fiery death of Phaethon. Ovid writes that Phaethon fell “rutilos flamma populante capillos (with flame ravaging his auburn hairs)” (Ovid 2.319). The chiastic structure, emphasized by a caesura between “flamma” and “populatne,” allows “rutilos” to be placed directly next to “flamma,” which highlights the fiery image. Ovid introduces a simile in line 321, saying that Phaethon’s fall is similar to how “ut interdum de caelo stella sereno,/etsi non cecidit, potuit cecidisse videri (as now and then a star falls from the peaceful sky, although it did not fall, it was able to seem to have fallen)” (2.321-2). The sibilance in “stella sereno” has a soothing effect, which is curious in the context of the surrounding chaotic imagery. Through polyptoton, Ovid emphasizes the difference between what appears to be and what truly is; the star did not actually fall, but it appeared to have fallen. The difference between appearances and actual reality is further emphasized with a caesura between “cecidit” and “potuit.” Ovid writes that “procul a patria diverso maximus orbe/excipit Eridanus (greatest Eridanus receives Phaethon at a distance from his fatherland on the other side of the earth)” (2.323-4). Through the hyperbaton of “maximus” and “Eridanus,” and the separation of “diverso” and “orbe” by “maximus,” …show more content…

Kroon’s essay entitled “Discourse Modes and the Use of Tenses in Ovid’s Metamorphoses”, found in The Language of Literature edited by Rutger J. Allan and Michel Buijs, defines the three modes of discourse utilized by Ovid: Narrative, Description, and Report (Allan 68). The story of Phaethon is told through Narrative. Within the Narrative discourse mode, there are two different narrator positions: retrospective position and internal position. The basic tense of a retrospective position is perfect, and the basic tense of an internal position is present tense (69-70). The narrator of the story of Phaethon takes on an internal position when recounting his death. The use of historical present in describing this particular episode is curious because the events leading up to Phaethon’s death are narrated in a retrospective position, and are therefore described in the perfect tense. Kroon observes that one reason for an author to use the present as an alternative to the perfect is to indicate a “narrative peak” (76). By changing from perfect tense to historical present, Ovid emphasizes the importance of the passage as the most central and emotional event in the episode. Besides denoting significance, the historical present implies that the moral of Phaethon’s story is universal, and that its themes transcend

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