Oxidatic Polymorphism In Oral Cancer Lab Report

1. Many genes only have a few possible alleles. For example, humans only have a few eye colors and only four blood types. How can DNA tests definitively identify individuals when many men have brown eyes or type A blood?

There are no two individuals that are completely alike, people vary by hair color, height, skin tone, gender and other endless possibilities. The reason for these variations can be traced back to our genetic make-up. A person as 23 pairs of chromosomes and each of these chromosomes carry one molecule of DNA. DNA itself is made up of adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine, then, these chemical compounds wrap around each other to form a double helix. These chromosomes contain around 20,500 genes and even with such a large number our variations are caused by less than 1% of our genes according to the Human Genomes Project in 2003. These variations also come from genotypes and phenotypes. A genotype is the complete set of genes that make a person’s hereditary, whereas, a phenotype are psychological, behavioral, and psychological features that result from the interaction between genes and the environment.

Genetic diversity allows the population to adapt to changing environments and it contributes and adds to the gene pool.

Genetic diversity provides a species with its form and function. A species genotype refers to their genetic code; what their cells are going to be used for – hair cell, eye cell, muscle cell, etc. A species phonotype refers to the way in which that species gene will be expressed – blonde hair, blue eyes, large muscle tone; which significantly impacts the success of that individuals genes. Without genetic diversity among populations the gene pools would be very limited, which gives way to a rise in mutations and inevitably the end of a species. “Genes regulate body size, shape,

Genetics can help answer questions about our traits and why we look different and advance in different ways from each other in the world. Chapter 1 explains the basics about how genes work, and the portrayal of DNA and RNA. Chapter 2 describes RNA more in detail and it consist of the explanation of the human genome. Specifically, Chapter 3 clarifies how evolution works and how it relates to genetic and medical research. Furthermore, Chapter 4 and 5 explains the knowledge researchers have about genes role in health and diseases, and how society is affected with the advances in medicine and science given approximate credit to these researchers.

Sometimes, this can be a difference of just one base pair. These differences are called polymorphisms and are the key to DNA typing.(3)

In Activity B, Running Agarose Gel Electrophoresis, began by preparing and

Amad, Ramoz, Thomas, Jardri and Gorwood questioned if borderline personality disorder runs in families through genetics. Although not stated borderline personality disorder was first diagnosed as an illness in 1980. Borderline personality disorder is a common mental disability that causes someone to experience unstable moods and occasionally have psychotic episodes. Gene-environment interaction which is when 2 different genotypes respond to different environmental variation in different ways. Plasticity genes which is the ability of an organism to change its phenotype in response to changes in the environment. A phenotype is a set of observable characters of an individual resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment. A genotype is the genetic makeup of an organism. Polymorphism is another term used which is the presences of genetic variation within a population, upon which natural selection can operate. Many studies performed on this subject which were often cited and compared with Amad’s et al. study.

Your personal DNA is a factor in your phenotype, but it is not the only factor. Environmental factors plays a major role in your phenotype with determinants such as climate, population of the species, and outside species involved in that specific food chain. An example of this is the skin tone in humans. Humans that live closer to the equator tend to have darker skin tones as opposed to people that live far way to the equator have lighter skin tones. This has to due to the human ability to produce vitamin D and how skin reacts to the sun. Another example is the thick fur of mammals that live in the snow. They have adapted to regulate their temperatures better according to their climate. If there is a disturbance in the food chain because of

Genetic variation is used to explain the change in the makeup of the DNA sequence. Additionally, Genetic variation is what makes every individual distinctive and unique in their own way. Also, whether in terms of hair color, skin color or even the shape of our faces is described as genetic variation.

Genes come in different varieties, called alleles. Somatic cells contain two alleles for every gene, with one allele provided by each parent of an organism. Genotype refers to the information contained in an organisms DNA, or genetic material. Its phenotype is the physical

These dietary phytochemicals have been demonstrated to modulate incidence and / or multiplicity and / or latency period of carcinogen / spontaneously-induced tumors at various organ sites in experimental rodent models (Table 2). Surrogate markers like cell proliferation and apoptosis and various detoxication pathways (xenobiotic enzyme inductions / inhibition, lipid peroxidation etc.) have also been successfully used for demonstrating protective action in in vivo system. Overall, the mechanisms implicated in the dietary phytochemical-mediated inhibition are diverse (Figure 2). The observed anti-initiating and anti-promoting activity of dietary phytochemicals in experimental models involve modulation of redox status, direct interaction with proteins and modulation of signaling kinases ultimately leading to effects on genes and cell signaling pathways at multiple levels(Figure

Agarose gel electrophoresis is a method of gel electrophoresis used in biochemistry, molecular biology, genetics, and clinical chemistry to separate a mixed population of DNA or proteins in a matrix ofagarose. The proteins may be separated by charge and/or size

Increased oxidative stress and apoptosis have been implicated in Methotrexate (MTX)- induced oral mucositis that limits its clinical use. The present study was conducted to investigate the conceivable protective effect of α-lipoic acid (LA) against MTX induced toxicity on both buccal and lingual mucosae. Thirty adult male albino rats were divided into three groups; control treated with normal saline, MTX-treated group subjected to single intraperitoneal injection of MTX (20 mg/kg, i.p.) and LA treated group treated with daily intraperitoneal injection of LA (10 mg/kg, i.p.) for 5 weeks before MTX injection (20 mg/kg, i.p.). Rats were then sacrificed under anesthesia then their buccal and lingual mucosae were dissected out and processed for biochemical and histopathological studies. Malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH) contents, catalase, superoxide dismutase activity (SOD), integrity of nuclear DNA (nDNA) were estimated. Immunostaining was used to determine Bax and PCNA localization. MTX-treated rats showed increased levels of MDA and fragmentation of DNA in addition to reduction of GSH levels and activities of catalase and SOD. Histological examination of MTX-treated rats demonstrated degenerative changes that involved the surface epithelium and lamina propria of their buccal and lingual mucosae. Immunohistochemical results of MTX-treated rats revealed strongly positive Bax and weakly positive PCNA staining reactivity of the nuclei of the basal and

Genes build the phenotype of humans as well as the underlying genotype. Competition between cultural genes leads to varied success of genetic determinism. It can therefore be said that learnt traits such as those espoused within a specific culture, can produce what may seem to be the genetic genotype of an individual. Genes are not always advantageous in the