Oxidation-Reduction Reaction Lab

A chemical reaction is when substances (reactants) change into other substances (products). The five general types of chemical reactions are synthesis (also known as direct combination), decomposition, single replacement (also known as single displacement), double replacement (also known as double displacement), and combustion. In this lab, the five general types of chemical reactions were conducted and observations were taken before, during, and after the reaction. Then the reactants and observations were used to determine the products to form a balanced chemical equation. The purpose of this lab was to learn and answer the question: How can observations be used to determine the identity of substances produced in a chemical reaction?

Within the experiment, pure catechol was mixed with different concentrations of catechol oxidase and the rate at which each solution produced benzoquinone was measured. The amount of benzoquinone made throughout the trials was measured by using a colorimeter to measure the level of “brownness” of the liquid. The colorimeter worked by shining a light through the liquid and then measuring that light on the other side to see how much of it was absorbed. In this experiment, absorbance of blue light was measured because blue light is absorbed by the color brown. The amount of blue light absorbance was measured every 15 seconds for five minutes. Because enzymes speed up reactions, more enzymes would cause the reaction to be even faster.1

82. Oxidation occurs when there is a removal of electrons and/or hydrogen atoms from a

Purpose: The purpose of this exercise was to determine the effect of temperature on catechol oxidase enzyme activity. The optimal temperature range was also determined for the same enzyme in this experiment.

The purpose of the experiment is to oxidize a secondary alcohol (2-octanol) by using sodium hypochlorite (bleach) to produce 2-octanone. The starting material consisted of a sample of 2-octanol that was placed into a three-neck flask along with acetic acid and acetone creating an acidic solution. While monitoring temperature fluctuations to ensure a temperature of 400 Celsius was not reached, sodium hypochlorite slowly dripped from a separatory funnel into the acidic solution. Once this reaction reached its entirety, the solution was combined with sodium bisulfate to remove any of the remaining oxidizing agent. This solution was then tested and brought to a neutral pH using a sodium hydroxide solution. The reaction material was extracted using ether and was then washed with a saturated sodium chloride solution. The organic solution was then dried using magnesium sulfate and was then decanted and placed onto the rotovap. The produced weighed .599g and based on the infrared spectrum analysis (see Figure 1) preformed on the product it was determined to be 86.1% 2-octanol, which means .516g of 2-octanol was obtained in the final product.

Enzyme catalysis is the increase in the rate of a chemical reaction by the active site of a protein. A catalyst is a substance that can help the reactants in a chemical reaction react with each other faster. The catalyst for this experiment is yeast. In this lab, the chemical combination of hydrogen peroxide and yeast are used to form a reaction of creating oxygen. The active sites of the yeast combines with the hydrogen peroxide and causes oxygen to form at various levels. Yeast is a one-celled organism belonging to the group of organisms called fungi. Yeast is sometimes used in genetic engineering to produce large quantities of enzymes that can be used for medical purposes as healing wounds and reducing inflammation (How Stuff

Results of Catalase Reactions Background: An enzyme is a protein that acts as a catalyst to start a reaction. Enzymes are able to break down large molecules into smaller molecules in order for it to be easily absorbed by the body. Not only can enzymes break molecules, but they can link two molecules together to create a whole, new molecule. A catalyst enzyme’s main function is to speed up the rate at which a reaction is going.

One of the most common reactions is Reduction-Oxidation, or Redox, reactions which typically involves the change in oxidation numbers of atoms in reaction. Oxidation numbers represents the formal charge of the atom if all of the bonds attached to it were ionic instead of covalent. Oxidation is characterized by an increase in oxidation number; reduction, on the other hand, is characterized by a decrease in oxidation number. The change in oxidation number, or state, is achieved by the movement of electron density about atoms in reaction. The transfer of electron density is observed by the addition of hydrogen atoms from one species to another. Redox reactions always feature concurrent and complementary reduction and oxidation, therefore the electron density moves from one species to another resulting in one species becoming oxidized and another reduced. The species that becomes oxidized loses

The oxidation reaction occurs as a two-step reaction. The first step involves the formation of chromate esters and the second step is an elimination reaction that will produce the carbonyl group necessary to make either a ketone or an aldehydes. The reaction is hallmarked by the breaking of a C-H bond and the formation of a C-O bond (James, 2014). Specifically when oxidizing alcohols, it is important to note that primary alcohols can be converted to aldehydes as well as completely to carboxylic acids, secondary alcohols are converted to ketones and no further, and tertiary alcohols cannot be oxidized. The oxidizing agent removes the hydrogen from the –OH group and the hydrogen from the C-H group attached to the –OH group in a compound. Tertiary alcohols cannot be oxidized because they lack the C-H bond that is present in both the oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols (Clark, 2003).

Let’s take an example of lithium-ion battery. When the circuit is closed, the battery produces electricity through a series of electromagnetic reactions between the anode, cathode and electrolyte. Oxidation reactions occur where ions from the electrolyte combine with the anode, producing a compound and

The purpose of this lab was to observe/analyze the biochemical reactions caused by a catalyst and an enzyme that break down Hydrogen Peroxide (H202). H202 is made up of 97% water and 3% solution, thus giving it the name Hydrogen Peroxide. The first catalyst was Manganese Dioxide (MNO2), which is an inorganic catalyst. The second catalyst was Catalase which is organic, it is also an enzyme. Firstly, the catalyst Manganese Dioxide is found in a mineral called pyrolusite, it is the blackish powder that you will get in result of crushing it. The reason this catalyst is categorized as inorganic is due to the fact that it doesn 't contain the elements CHO (Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen). Furthermore, MN02 isn 't used in a working biosystem, and isn 't essential for the human body. Moreover, Catalase is found in almost all living organisms that are exposed to oxygen. The function of Catalase is to seek out and split Hydrogen Peroxide into water and oxygen. This catalyst is categorized as organic due to the fact that is necessary for an organism to live/function. These two catalysts definitely have their differences, however also have some key similarities. They are the same because if they aren 't heated up, they both lower the activation energy, thus increasing the intensity and speed of the chemical reaction. The reason Enzymes are able to

Oxidation is the process or result of oxidizing or being oxidized. This means being chemically combined with oxygen. You can also call this rottening. Oxidation is the process in which fruits, like apples, turn brown. Apples have apples cells. Inside an apple, there is a molecule named phenol. This molecule is the main reason why apples turn brown. Also there is an enzyme inside an apple cell named polyphenol oxidase. An enzyme accelerates, or catalyze, chemical reactions. So when an apple cell is damaged, it allows molecules of oxygen in the air, to react with phenols and polyphenol oxidase. The oxygen will combine with the polyphenol oxidase enzymes and turn phenol cells into a molecule of melanin. Melanin is a dark brown molecule. So when

However this experiment may have needed a few adjustments in order to get more accurate results, this includes doing the prac twice, as well as cleaning the metals thoroughly to allow for optimal opportunities of a reaction to take place. As well as making sure the even amount of solution is added to each test tube and having the metals placed in the solution for the same period of time e.g. 5 mins and then remove them. Nevertheless there were 6 reactions in total and are as

We received an unknown sample from a patient exhibiting a swollen ear canal and minor pain that has seem to have worsened. We have been told that the patient had a fishing hook get caught on his ear and afterwards he went swimming in the pond where he and a friend had been fishing. A battery of tests were ran to determine what organism could possibly be infecting the patient’s wound. First, to determine the cell wall of the unknown organism, a gram stain was utilized. If it stained purple, it was positive and if it was pink, the isolate would have been negative. This organism stained purple, meaning it is gram-positive. The morphology of the isolate was observed to determine its shape; in this case, the isolate had a coccus shape. A test was conducted for the presence of the DNase enzyme, which determines if this organism has the ability to degrade DNA into its nucleotide components.

The enzyme is regulated through the use of cofactors, specifically Copper and Zinc ions. The superoxide dismutase molecule will bind to one Copper and one Zinc molecule each [10].