Oxidative Stress

in todays world people being busy in their work fitness life family friends technology many more they are shifting from not taking proper care of themselves. becoming fit is not the solution. there are many infirmities related to body cell which can cause loss of happiness wealth etc. diseases can be caused because of microbes unclean environment pathogens etc. but some diseases or infirmities occurs due to various changes inside the body. these changes are chemical changes and one such change is oxidative stress occurring in the body; inside the cells and its consequences could be acute as well as chronic. oxidative stress is defined as the imbalance between the reactive oxygen species the biological systems to reduce or detoxify the reactive

Metabolism and genetics also participate in cirrhosis for example abnormal collection of iron (hemochromatosis) or copper (Wilson's disease) in the liver causing injury, scarring and cirrhosis. Further cause of cirrhosis is the Autoimmune chronic active hepatitis that happens when the immune system attacks the liver and causes inflammation, damage, and cirrhosis. Drugs and chemicals also cause injury of the liver.

Main compounds of the enzymatic antioxidant system are three, namely, SOD, CAT and tT which have an important role in detoxifying of H2O2 and superoxide anion in cells. Ample of hepatotoxic drugs induces the liver damage by lipid peroxidation indirectly or directly. The proxy radicals are main factors that mediate lipid peroxidation leading to liver injury and kidney damage(41). MDA as a main reactive aldehyde appears during polyunsaturated fatty acid peroxidation in the biological

The roles of antioxidants( Endogenous compounds) are to neutralize the excess of free radicals, to protect the cells against their toxic effects and to contribute in disease

As you may know, antioxidants promote good health as they help avoid diseases. More specifically, antioxidants help slow down the oxidation of cells in our body. When cells oxidize, they generate free radicals, which are also known as cellular bi-products. It is perfectly safe to have a manageable amount of these free radicals in the body. However, when the free radicals are in excess, they can wreak havoc on our organism's cellular

These superoxides may be dangerous because they alter the structure of iron and protein via reduction. They may also undergo dismutation to form hydrogen peroxide which, in turn, gives rise to hydroxyl radicals, the most reactive ROS (Gulumian and Van Wyk, 1987; Agarwal et al., 2005). Hydrogen peroxide is not a free radical but its neutral charge allows it to pass through cell membranes and so this makes it very dangerous (Kurutas, 2015). Other internal or endogenous sources for these free radicals are inflammation, xanthine oxidase, peroxisomes, phagocytosis, exercise and ischaemia. Exogenous factors which lead to the development of these ROS include smoking, ozone, environmental pollutants, radiation, pesticides and drugs (Lobo et al.,

Liver is a complex organ which has vital functions in synthesis , detoxification and regulation; its failure therefore has life threatening condition.

Cirrhosis refers to a combination of liver diseases that interfere with the normal function of the liver after destroying liver structures. The disease causes the formation of scar tissue in the liver that kills liver cells thereby causing inflammation (Fabris 716). The cells that have survived would tend to multiply rapidly to replace the dead cells. It results to regenerative nodules in the scar due to clustering of the newly formed liver cells. Cirrhosis is caused in varied ways that range from the chemical cause like alcohol to viruses. Besides, heavy and toxic metals like mercury, lead, copper and iron cause cirrhosis if they accumulate in the liver. The liver is a detoxicating organ of the body that purify

In the course of evolution man has lost his ability to produce some powerful antioxidants such as beta carotene and vitamin C in your body. Are preserved, however, other antioxidants (Eg melatonin) That inactivate free radicals and thus form a powerful defense system against them.

Urate’s pro-oxidant effects could link hyperuricemia and inflammatory disease, yet the mechanism is obscure. For humans, dietary purine is broken down and released as urate. Urate builds up in human serum because we lack the enzyme Uricase to promote its excretion. In healthy doses urate acts as an antioxidant and scavenges reactive oxygen species. Yet, high serum urate (hyperuricemia) is associated with gout, metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease, the link being oxidative stress. Urate promotes oxidative stress by generating reactive oxygen species or promoting biomolecule oxidation. Concentration affects urate’s antioxidant or pro-oxidant activity, ergo the ‘dose makes the poison’.

Oxidation of ethanol to acetaldehyde involves NAD+, an intermediate electron carrier, reduced by two electrons to form NADH (2). The oxidation of alcohol therefore, involves the generation of a cytosolic environment, which is extremely reduced in liver; this in turn leaves the cells of the liver cells in a condition that is highly susceptible to damage from the by-products of ethanol metabolism, such as acetaldehyde and free radicals (2, 4).

Cirrhosis is the 12th leading cause of death in the United States. Cirrhosis affects one of the largest organs in the body, the liver. It is a condition that slowly worsens the liver and is unable to function normally due to chronic injury. Cirrhosis consists of four stages with the fourth stage being the most advanced stage of cirrhosis. When healthy liver cells are damaged and replaced by scar tissue (fibrosis) it’s known as a degenerative disease called cirrhosis. Chronic alcoholism is the leading cause of cirrhosis due to excessive drinking of alcohol, which causes the liver to swell. In sequence with alcoholism and hepatitis C, or alone obesity can be a risk factor in developing cirrhosis. Cirrhosis of the liver is a disease that can affect many individuals if the condition is not caught in early stages it can become deadly.

Liver disease resulting from alcohol affects more than two million Americans and is one of the primary causes of illness and death. The liver frees the body of harmful substances, such as alcohol. While the liver breaks down alcohol, it produces toxins that can be even more dangerous than the alcohol consumed (“Beyond Hangovers: Understanding Alcohol's Impact Your Health” 13). “These by-products damage liver cells, promote inflammation, and weaken the body’s natural defenses. Eventually, these problems can disrupt the body’s metabolism and impair the function of other organs” (“Beyond Hangovers: Understanding Alcohol's Impact Your Health” 13). A condition called steatosis is the result of fat build up in the liver and is the

Based from observations made in the early 1950s, Denham Harman proposed that functional decline in cells and tissues was due to cumulative effects of macromolecular damage caused by oxygen radicals produced by respiratory enzymes (Harman 1956). This theory proposes that superoxide and other free radicals cause damage to the macromolecular components of the cell, resulting in accumulated damage to cause cells, and eventually organs, to stop functioning, leading to the aging phenotype (Sohal and Weindruch 1996, Clancy and Birdsall 2013). Oxidative damage is thought to occur from an imbalance when the antioxidant systems are unable to counter all the free radicals continuously generated during the life of the cell.

Excessively high levels of free radicals cause damage to vital cellular components such as proteins, membrane lipids, and nucleic acids, and finally lead to cell death (Maritim, Sanders & Watkins 2003).