Oxygen Scavengers Research Paper

ketones, or carboxylic acids. One of the methods of oxidation is an aldol reaction through carbon-carbon

owever Levine,R et al concluded that methionine residues are more important than cysteine residues as an antioxidant defence. Oxidants can react with methionine to produce methionine sulfoxide and when exposed on the surface can protect the cell from oxidisation. Methionine sulfoxide can be reduced back to methionine by methionine sulfoxide reductase which allows the antioxidant process to function catalytically.

Your body is in a constant battle against infection, diseases and the formation of free radicals. However, there's a secret weapon that can help you fight against these things: antioxidants! Antioxidants are elements such as vitamins A, C and E that counteract the damage caused by free radicals and help protect your healthy cells. Free radicals are the molecules that contain unpaired electrons, which make them highly reactive. In this form, they can cause damage by attacking healthy cells, and when these cells grow weakened, you become more vulnerable to disease.

Hydrogen peroxide is highly reactive and forms during metabolic reactions that require oxygen. It can also form oxygen radicals that oxidize organic molecules and are potentially quite harmful. The enzyme catalase is able to neutralize hydrogen peroxide and protects the molecules that are important for life. Catalase is an example of an anti-oxidant, aptly named due to its ability to interfere with the oxidization of other molecules which causes damage to cells.

These factors include pH, ionic strength, temperature, and the chemical environment (Lab Manual). Most enzymes have evolved to function under the condition a which the reaction they catalyze occurs but are non-functional if these conditions are altered. Moreover, hydrogen peroxide is a toxic compound that is produced by organisms that perform their metabolic processes in the presence of oxygen (Lab Manual). The toxicity of hydrogen peroxide is largely the result of its ready conversion to reactive hydroxyls either by exposure to ultraviolet light or metals such as iron present in all organisms. Oxidative damage due to the presence of reactive hydroxyls can affect many types of biological molecules including DNA. Organisms have evolved many different mechanisms to eliminate hydrogen peroxide, the most important of which are catalase and peroxidase enzymes. Horseradish is a perennial herb whose roots are rich in peroxidase (Lab Manual). Guaiacol is a naturally occurring organic compound made by plants of the genus Guaiacum that can be converted to a brown colored oxidized form. It can assay the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide by measuring the increase in the production oxidized guaiacol. The lab is performed in a series of experiments to test 2 hypotheses. The first hypothesis: As

In this project we have been asked to create a complete mass and energy balance on a Basic Oxygen Furnace and its process using Excel, HSC, and the Matrix Method. We have been given information and assumptions with which to work with, and have been asked to find typical values for the contents of the steel, hot metal, and scrap in wt%.

Natural Antioxidants are abundant in fruits and vegetables such as, apples, blueberries, broccoli, cherries, cranberries, Grapes, spinach, and Spirulina a blue-green algae.

Plants in our homes are not only producing oxygen. They are also cleaning the air from toxins and mold. The plants will protect you from inhaling these dangerous substances, which will protect your health.

Anti-oxidants are substances capable to mop up free radicals and prevent them from causing cell damage. Free radicals are responsible for causing a wide number of health problems which include cancer, aging, heart diseases, gastric problems etc. A free radical is an atom or molecule with a single unpaired electron. Examples: Nitric oxide (.NO), superoxide (O2.-) hydroxyl radical (.OH), lipid peroxy radical (LOO.). Although, molecular oxygen (O2) has two unpaired electrons in two different orbitals, it is not a free radical (23). After donating an electron, an antioxidant becomes a free radical by definition. In this state, antioxidants are not harmful because they have the ability to accommodate the change in electrons without becoming reactive

antioxidant enzymes including small-molecule-weight antioxidants depends on cellular redox environment as it is a delicate process to regulate the two. ROS are responsible to regulate several physiological actions such as the ability to mediate and relate signal transduction from membrane receptors, At low concentrations, ROS are involved in regulating several physiological actions, including their ability to mediate relate signal transduction from membrane receptors, thus aiding the stimulation of several proteins and enzymes (1,2). Conversely, accumulation of extra intracellular ROS lead to oxidative stress, in turn will impair cellular membranes, promoting mitochondrial injury and cell death, which adversely impacting upon cell function and survival 3,5)

Oxidative stress has been implicated in various pathophysiological conditions either directly or indirectly. They are cardiovascular disease, cancer (1), neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s disease (PD), Alzheimer’s diseases (AD) (2,3), Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Huntington’s disease, and multiple sclerosis, Diabetes Mellitus (4), ischemia/reperfusion, fibrosis, Kidney disease, impairment via cochlear damage induced by elevated sound levels, ototoxicity of drugs such as cisplatin, and in congenital deafness in both animals and humans, obstructive sleep apnea, obesity, hypertension, diseases of prematurely and other diseases related to ageing (5). These diseases fall into two groups.

Oxygen therapy is used in those patients who have a condition that causes oxygen levels in the blood to be too low. Thus the patient can breathe through this form of treatment increases the amount of oxygen that the lungs receive and deliver to the blood. Therapy can be received in different ways. It may be through tubes resting on the nose, a face mask, or a tube placed in the trachea. Patients who have low blood oxygen levels may feel short of air, tired or confused, and can harm your body.

prevent the formation of oxygen free radicals and pyrimidine dimers that are deleterious to cells.1

Chemical oxygen demand (COD) is defined as the amount of a specified oxidant that reacts with the sample under controlled conditions. The quantity of oxidant consumed is expressed in terms of its oxygen equivalence. Because of its unique chemical properties, the dichromate ion (Cr2O72–) is the specified oxidant in Methods Section 5220B, Section 5220C, and Section 5220D; it is reduced to the chromic ion (Cr3+) in these tests. Both organic and inorganic components of a sample are subject to oxidation, but in most cases the organic component predominates and is

Biochemical Oxygen Demand (B.O.D.) is the most important parameter to determine the level of pollution in lakes and streams, their self-purification capacities, assess the biodegradable organic load of the wastewaters for designing wastewater management or treatment plants and thereafter to evaluate their efficiency or finding out the assimilative capacity of a water body. B.O.D. is an empirical standardized laboratory test defined as the amount of oxygen required for the aerobic decomposition of the organic matter by micro-organisms into stable inorganic forms at a given controlled condition of time and temperature in water. The quantity of oxygen required for above