P Gingivalis Synthesis

Tobacco smoke contains carbon monoxide (CO) which will lower the oxygen(O₂) saturation of haemoglobin in healthy gingiva. Oxygen tension within the pockets was substantially reduced in smokers. This may favour the growth of anaerobic bacteria, even in the shallower pockets 21.The local host response to bacteria, which initiates periodontitis, includes the recruitment of leukocytes and the subsequent release of infiammatory mediators and cytokines such as interleukin (IL-1,6,8,10,12) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF- alpha). Researchers have tried to study a possible relationship between smoking, stress and cytokine production.15 Giannopoulou studied cytokines in the pathogenesis of periodontal

In the case of Bordetella perussis there are a few specific proteins which are known to be necessary for bacterial adhesion and infection (3). Pertussis toxin, adenylate cyclase, filamentous hemagglutinin, pertactin, and fimbriae are responsible for the adhesion of the bacterial cell to the extracellular matrix of the host cell (3). Pertussis toxin and adenylate cyclase also play a role in invading the cell, evading the host's immune system, and the actual infection process (3).

Cells are the basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms. Cells are the smallest form of life of which all forms of life are composed of one or more cells. All cells come from pre-existing cells. Two different of cells exist: Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes. They are structurally and functionally different, but they share some properties.

Their (outer) layers are formed of lipoproteins, lipopolysaccharides, lipid bilayer, and polysaccharides. The chance of occurrence of an infection through Proteus Mirabilis is determined by the presence of the bacteria and the host organism’s body defense mechanisms. These two factors determine the virulence behavior of Proteus Mirabilis. The size of inoculum for Proteus Mirabilis positively correlates with the chances of a host getting infected by the host.

Gingivitis is a bacterial infection that just invade the gingiva, without any bone attachment loss. The connective tissue is damaged at this point, but still can be reversed with good oral hygiene and route dental visits. Most common bacteria associated with gingivitis would be due to dental plaque biofilm. Dental plaque biofilm can invade the gingiva at different rates depending on the individual,and possibly going through three stages, which are initial, early and established lesions. Gingivitis is classified

Chronic periodontitis is common disease of the oral cavity, that can occur over a wide range of age. The major determinant of disease susceptibility is the host immune-inflammatory response to the sub-gingival biofilm. It is paradoxical that these defensive processes result in the majority of the tissue damage leading to the clinical manifestations of disease. The unique anatomy of the periodontium

Bacterium responsible for dental caries is Streptococcus mutants. It is a Gram positive, anaerobic bacterium that inhabitants oral cavity. This bacterium posses an enzyme glucansucrase, by which it converts sucrose to lactic acid. It uses Sucrose for cell wall formation, This is the reason that consumption of candies rich in sucrose most often by children results in dental caries as Sucrose helps these bacteria to flourish in oral cavity.

The inflammatory response in chronic periodontitis includes activation of leucocytes, neutrophils, T-lymphocytes and plasma cells and release of antibodies and chemical mediators such as cytokines, chemokines, C-reactive protein, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF- α), interleukin-1 (IL-1), and prostaglandins. The lipopolysaccharides are present in the gram

Enterococcus cacae isolated from human stool differs because of its inability to produce acid from arabinose, lactose, and mannitol. Enterococcus camelliae was isolate from fermented tea leaves in Thailand; they are unable to produce acid from D-galactose and lactose. Enterococcus canis was isolated from rectal swabs and chronic otitis in dogs; they are unable to hydrolyse arginine or to grow on selective media that contain 0.04% azide. Enterococcus avium Enterococcus pseudoavium differs from their inability to produce acid from lactose. Enterococcus hermanniensis differ from the inability to produce acid from substrates. Enterococcus lactis are atypical and are isolated in raw milk Italian cheeses. Enterococcus quebecensis and Enterococcus termitis are negative for the Voges-Proskauer (VP) test, meaning that as a result of fermentation, acid is not produced. Enterococcus rivorum growth at 45ᵒC or in a 6.5% NaCl broth there is little or no growth. Enterococcus ureasiticus has a urease activity production. Some species found in water or on plants differ because they can produce pigments such as Enterococcus ureilyticus and Enterococcus rotai. The most common species seen in humans are Enterococcus facalis and Enterococcus faecium which through testing has shown a resistance to clindamycin and oxacillin but

Gum disease or periodontal disease is caused by a sticky film of bacteria that has formed in tiny pockets around your teeth. The sticky bacteria called plaque. Plaque causes the tissues that support your teeth get infected. Gum disease can cause the loss of teeth, tissue, and bone. Chronic periodontitis affects 47.2% of adults over 30 in the United States” (Gum Disease, MouthHealthy.Org). However, according to the book, A Wellness Way of Life by Robbins, Powers, and Burgess; “Gum disease can increase inflammation and can be prevented by practicing good oral health (i.e. flossing every day and brushing your teeth for two minutes twice a day)” (A Wellness Way of Life,

Blood and saliva borne bacteria are mainly the reason for some serious infectious diseases (Szymanska, 2005, Martin et al., 2009). For example, Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a known virus that may be contracted in dental clinics. Investigation of the presence of the virus in the oral fluids of hepatitis B carriers showed that %70 of their sample were infectious (Molinari & Harte, 2010). The greatest concentration of the HBV is under the gingival sulucs where this area is inflamed routinely and allows blood to mix

Aggregaitbacter actinomycetemcomitans (A.a.)is a gram negative organism that is present in a large number of the populations mouths [2]. It also plays a key role in the formation of aggressive periodontitis, specifically the localized form (LAP). A. actinomycetemcomitans produces several products that contiribute to the destruction of the peridontium . It can cross the mucosal epithelial barrier, accessing the bloodstream and has been detected in atheroma plaques, periarditis, septicemia, pneumonia, and infection arthritis [4]. The fact that the bacterium is found elsewhere in the body is important in helping to develop a link between oral and systemic health.

More specifically some of the characteristics of it are redness, swelling, inflammation and irritation of your gums. The leading cause of Gingivitis is not keeping your mouth clean (poor oral hygiene). Make sure you brush your teeth twice a day and floss daily. The way you can tell if you have gingivitis are usually problems with your gums that you wouldn't usually have. These include gums that are; swollen, soft and puffy, receding, tender, easy to bleed (just with a simple brushing or flossing), darkening of the gums from pink (which is good) to red (which is unhealthy). Chemically what happens is there is a build up of plaque and tartar which cause the gums to become infected.

Hello, I am an Treponema Denticola, a gram-negative bacterium. I am from Spirochetes family. I am slim and curved; therefore, not to lose shape, I always move. My home is oral cavity because temperature and pH level in oral cavity is optimal for me. The normal temperature at which I can exist is ranged between 32-42°C, and pH level is ranged between 6.5-8.0. I love darkness where is no oxygen because I am an anaerobic microorganism, so I settle down deep to periodontium. If I have great conditions to grow and multiply in oral cavity, I can cause several periodontal diseases such as periodontitis, necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis, and acute pericoronitis.

Unknown 52 was observed under oil immersion using the bright-field light microscope 1000x magnification after conducting Gram stain technique. Escherichia coli (Gram negative rods) pre-prepared slide was the negative control while the Staphylococcus epidermidis (Gram positive cocci) pre-prepared slide provided the positive control in order to deduce the results of unknown 52. Unknown 52 exhibited purple color cocci which was consistent with S. epidermidis organism. It can be concluded that unknown 52 was a Gram positive cocci. The purpose of Gram stain technique was to identify the present or absence of thick peptidoglycan layer outside the cell (1). Gram positive organisms contain a thick peptidoglycan layer while Gram negative organism contains a thin