P Vulgaris Lab Report

If feeding efficiency and reproduction have a direct correlation, and a population started with equal proportions of individuals with each of three feeding types, metal spoon, metal knife, and plastic fork, the frequency of the population with metal spoons as their feeding structure will increase in the next generation. While the frequency of metal knifes and plastic forks will decrease. Furthermore, since the organisms with the metal spoon feeding structure have a higher fitness level, this population will evolve by natural selection to a point where the metal spoon phenotype will be in abundant. While the organisms with metal knifes and plastic forks phenotypes will decrease in frequency due to the lack of reproduction. Eventually, if this population persist overtime, most of the organisms, if not all, will have the metal spoon phenotype, while very few, if not any, will have the metal knife or the plastic fork phenotype.

Isolating and characterize a novel phage from the environment requires several steps and several frustrations. By isolating and investigating a phage found in the Pullman region can hopefully lead to a newly discovered phage that can help researchers discover more about the life cycle and process of phage infection. Some phage infection can be good due to infecting the bacteria that is not wanted or is harmful to the environment or humans. Within this lab, there were steps taken necessary to isolate a novel phage that was obtained from the surrounding Pullman area. This report reflects plaques being isolated but then stopped due to errors and loss of plates. The final touches and procedures were accomplished with a given DNA ladder that was

Bacteriophages were first discovered about 100 years ago by Frederick Twort and Felix D'Herelle. Bacteriophages or commonly known as “phages” are viruses that infect bacterial hosts. Bacteriophages come in multiple shapes and sizes. But a good amount of them are tailed viruses that contain double stranded DNA. The head of the bacteriophages has a protein shell which is attached to the tail. Some phages differ as some don’t have double stranded DNA they may be single stranded. Phages are incapable of reproducing on their own. In fact, they need a bacterial host to reproduce. Like any virus, bacteriophages are very fixed to discrete hosts. The host bacteria that we are using is called arthrobacter. Arthrobacter is a genus of bacteria found in soil (Pope et al 2016). Arthrobacter can help reduce hexavalent chromium which can cause some symptoms such as irritations to humans. Hexavalent chromium may also cause lung cancer if inhaled. The SEA PHAGE project was broken down into two parts. The first part which we are currently doing is isolating, purifying and amplifying the bacteria from our soil samples that we collected in the beginning of the year.

The neuropathological hallmarks of AD are the presence of plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. (18 -20)

The prolific use of antibiotics in agricultural operations is raising concern because it is fed to their livestock, which is then excreted into the soil. The antibiotic concentration in the soil is producing antibiotic resistant bacteria. Plants that get exposed to this type of soil get their biochemistry disrupted. The following study was conducted as an attempt to determine if plant growth rate and peroxidase activity were two factors that are affected by the presence of antibiotics. To test this out, a specific amoxicillin- water solution was given to eight treatment plants. These plants were then compared to eight control plants. By statistically analyzing the data obtained using ANOVA, it was found that the null hypothesis was supported and that the antibiotic treatment had no significant effect on either growth or peroxidase activity.

Abstract: Human Pharmaceuticals have been found in today’s environment due to the lack of knowledge on how to dispose of them properly. Experiments carried out to measure the effects of ibuprofen subjected radish to .002 M concentration of ibuprofen soltion twice a week over the course of three weeks. Growth rates were compared to see if ibuprofen had any effect on peroxidase activity and growth rate. By statistically using ANOVA it was found that Ibuprofen does not affect plant peroxidase but does affect growth levels.

Tiffany O’Connor 9/2017 Gram-positive and Gram-negative stain Purpose: Staining is done to differentiate between two varieties of bacteria, gram-positive and gram negative. Theory and Background: Gram-positive and Gram-negative represents whether a cell wall retains the primary dye color in the staining process after decolorization. The difference in the structure of the cell wall determine if this happens.

The number of duckweed fronds in the pH 5 solution increased at first but only slightly and then remained constant for a week until it started decreasing drastically. This shows that the duckweed can survive at pH 5 but only temporarily and then it dies. Although the duckweed can survive in the beginning, the conditions are not preferred as it is too acidic and causes damage to the duckweed fronds and they become unhealthy which is known because the fronds lost their green colour and

The chemicals, diquat and paraquat, which are actually used as an herbicide, are examples of quaternary ammonium compounds that do not really fall within one specific category of mechanism. Through a redox reaction, both of these chemicals form superoxide (O2-) Superoxide is a free radical, which typically is a type of molecule with an unpaired electron and is consequently extremely reactive. Therefore, superoxide proceeds to remove electrons from other compounds within the vicinity, which could be as vital as DNA. Thus, the mode of action for diquat and paraquat is not specific to bacteria or unwanted plant species, but rather it is similar in plants, bacteria, and

Table 1 shows the original average measurements of the permeability of the Beta Vulgaris cells, however, the data was altered due the outliers. On the raw data, there were some negative numbers due to some experimental errors. For this experiment, there should not be any negatives because it results can either the concentration effected the permeability or it did not at all. This indicates that it can shows 0.000 as the lowest. Due to this, the raw table was altered and changed the negative data to 0.000 as it was closest to it. Because of this the average table was alternated to keep it consist and as accurate as possible.

A. tumefaciens (strain LBA4404) carrying pCAMBIA 1200 35S harboring oxDORN1 gen and A. tumefaciens (strain LBA4404) carrying pCAMBIA 1200 35S empty vector were supplied by Dr. Kiwamu Tanaka. Agro-infiltration on N. benthamiana leaves was made following the procedure of De Felippes and Weigel (2009) and adapting the O.D. and time of the day for agroinfiltration. Four weeks old N. benthamiana plants were agroinfiltrated. Three days after agroinfiltration, leaves for inoculated with TSWV. A total of five greenhouse assays were performed in order to determine the better setup to test effect of oxDORN1 on TSWV levels. The first three were to optimize the experiment, the fourth and the fifth were to evaluate the effect. The final treatments consisted of a) N. benthamiana inoculated with buffer phosphate; b) A. tumefaciens strain LB4404 pCAMBIA1200 empty inoculated with TSWV (O.D.600nm 0.40); c) A. tumefaciens strain LB4404 pCAMBIA1200 35s oxDORN1 inoculated with TSWV (O.D.600nm 0.45) d) N. benthamiana inoculated with TSWV. Three plants per treatment, three leaves agroinfiltrated (# 5, # 6, #7) and three days after were inoculated. The inoculated leaves were harvested at 3, 7 and 10 days post-inoculation (dpi) and tested by ELISA. The results of the transient expression of oxDORN1 did not show any differences in the level of N protein

In this experiment, chloroplast was isolated from spinach and the chloroplastic chlorophyll concentration was calculated. The suspension was used to construct a negative control, a positive control, 2 experimental tubes one with and one without a herbicide. Calculations were taken to plot and find the Hill Reaction Rate. The hypothesis was that tube 4 with DCMU, the herbicide would have an unchanging absorbance and thus the electron number would remain constant. While the absorbance of tube 3 would vary to show the difference of electron numbers.

The results showed There was a preference in treatment on the species Trifulium spp. (χ2 = 205.20; p = 2.19x10-42; df = 2). The same result was observed for the species Raphanus spp. (X2=497.80;p=4.50x10-139;df=2) An analysis of variances was performed on the data in order to identify where was the significant variation on the respective shoot lengths of both species. Results showed that there was no significant variance in neither of the species between the shoot’s length and the treatments used. (Table 2) The same analysis was also done for the root’s length of both species. Results demonstrated that there was at least one significant difference between the three treatments and root’s length in both types of plants. It was found in clover root’s length that a comparison of the control group and Rhizobium treatment on clover root’s length were no significant different from each other (Tukey HSD: p>0.05). There was a significant difference when comparing all other types of techniques used (Tukey HSD: p<0.05). In radish root’s lengths the results showed that there was a significant difference when comparing the Urea technique against the Control group (Tukey HSD: p<0.05). There was no significant difference on the other two comparisons (Tukey HSD:

In this experiment, LacZ DNA segment was isolated by PCR and ligated to pET32a vector plasmid for further use in future experiments. LacZ gene has been used in wide range of experiments in the Biochemistry field. The gene produces the -galactosidase enzyme that is malleable and easy to manipulate, making it a great subject for experiments to understand the molecular genetics of prokaryotes (Serebriiskii and Rose et al.). The LacZ gene was isolated from E.coli bacteria by PCR because it is an efficient and affordable method of amplifying a specific gene. The PCR product was ligated to a vector plasmid, pET32a, so it can be inserted to a bacteria cell to be expressed and analyzed. Restriction digestion with the same enzyme was done to the LacZ gene and vector plasmid prior to ligation. This step ensures that the two will ligate at a specific position.

Catalase (CAT) is involved in scavenging hydrogen peroxide formed by the dismutation of superoxide anions catalyzed by SOD. Its leaves activity under phosphorus deficiency conditions (-P) was 525.67 and 695.00 µmol gm-1 F.W., respectively, in mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal plants. The corresponding values for roots were 485.67 and 447.67 µmol gm-1 F.W. Thus, CAT activity showed a contradictory behavior in leaves and roots at phosphorus deficiency. There are also a contradictory behavior in leaves of deficient and sufficient phosphorus (60 mg kg-1 soil) (Fig 8B). In leaves, the CAT activity of non-mycorrhizal plants was lower than in mycorrhizal plants under sufficient phosphorus conditions, but under phosphorus stress conditions the CAT activity of mycorrhizal plants was lower in non-mycorrhizal plants.