P-type ATPases Essay

The carrier then returns to its original shape, releasing the two K+ions and the remnant of the ATP molecule to the inside of the cell. The carrier is now ready for another pumping cycle” (McCance & Huether pg. 29)

ATP is often referred to as the energy currency of life. The cells use a form of energy called ATP to power almost all activities, such as muscle contraction, protein construction, transportation of substrates, communication with other cells and activating heat control mechanisms. Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP), an energy-bearing molecule found in all living cells. Formation of nucleic acids, transmission of nerve impulses, muscle contraction, and many other energy-consuming reactions of metabolism are made possible by the energy in ATP molecules. The energy in ATP is obtained from the breakdown of foods.

ATP is the main energy molecule in cells and has a unique function as an energy transferor. This molecule contains nitrogenous base adenine connected to three molecules of phosphorus. The last 2 phosphates are high energy bonds. When ATP releases the terminal phosphate, energy is released while forming a new compound ADP. ADP can be remade with another phosphate to form ATP again

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a multifunctional nucleotide used in cells as a coenzyme. It is often called the "molecular unit of currency" of energy transfer. ATP transports chemical energy within cells for metabolism. It is produced by photo-phosphorylation and cellular respiration and used by enzymes and structural proteins in many cellular processes, including active transport, respiration, and cell division. One molecule of ATP contains three phosphate groups, and it is produced by ATP synthase from inorganic phosphate and adenosine diphosphate (ADP). ATP is used is many organisms and also in different ways. Below are a few ways in which ATP is used.

Resting potentials require ions as they play a vital role in the process. In the surface membrane of a cell there are protein carriers. These actively pump Na+ ions out of the cytoplasm to the outside of the cell. At the

Cellular respiration is creating ATP from ADP and a phosphate inorganic using the energy which was released from breaking apart glucose. The equation that summarizes this process is (ADP + Pi) + C6H12O6 +6O2 → 6H2O + 6CO2 + heat + (ATP). ATP is made up of a sugar ribose, 3 phosphate groups, and adenine. ATP is the energy used to complete processes in the body. ATP also has a very high potential energy because of its phosphate groups. Potential energy has to do with energy due to location. For example, a person on a diving board has a higher potential energy than a person already in the water. This is because the girl on the diving board has more potential to fall or convert the potential energy into kinetic energy by using her location to power her fall. The ATP has higher potential energy because its phosphate groups have oxygen ions. The negatively charged oxygen ions repel each other and do not want to be near to one another. Because of this, if the third phosphate group was to break off of the ATP molecule, an amount of energy would be released, lowering the potential energy. This is why ATP has such a high energy and is used for so many processes. The ATP would become ADP with a phosphate group becoming inorganic and would release energy.

b. Describe the role of primary active transport with regard to potassium (K+) and hydrogen (H+) ion movement.

During one open-close cycle, ATP binds to the first site NBD1 and is hydrolyzed, this release of energy opens the MSDs pore, allowing active transport of the chloride ion through the cell membrane. Then a second ATP is bound NBD2 and hydrolyzed charging the closure of the channel (Gadsby & Nairn, 1999). Lastly, at the R-domain, the phosphatases protein returns the channel to its inactive state (Sheppard & Welsh, 1999).

Mass sample of individuals suffer from osteopenia, which is the loss of bone density, because of hypophosphatemia. This affect is due to Falconi Syndrome. Although this is the case, some individuals with hypophosphatemia have no bone loss. The enzyme, alkaline phosphatase(AP), is proved to slow down the effects of hypophosphatemia. Few individuals with hypophosphatemia and no bone loss have found a mutated version of AP in their blood. To observe the behavior and functionality of the mutant AP enzyme versus the Normal AP enzyme, we test and compare them in different pH levels as well as different concentration levels. The first step in our experiment was determining the wave length in which the enzyme functioned the best. Our procedure found that the enzyme functioned best at a wavelength of 406.15 nm. After this we determine the optimum incubation time of the enzyme. While testing with various pH levels, we mixed together different concentrations to figure out what conditions the two different enzymes functioned coherently. Our results showed that the mutant AP enzyme functioned best in a pH of 7 while the normal AP enzyme functioned better in a pH level of 10. The goal of this experiment was to understand how a change in conditions affect the behavior of each AP enzyme.

The decreased expression of these genes not only could affect ATP synthesis and elevate ROS formation in mitochondria, but also reduce mitochondrial/cellular antioxidant capacity, which may result in an early development of oxidative stress and increased cell death. Additionally, the 5 mM APAP also repressed the expression of FcγR-coding genes which may jeopardize phagocytic function of KC and decrease the production of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. In the presence of LPS, the reduced clearance ability of KCs would result in accumulation of LPS and cell debris in the system. Alternatively, the excessive amount of PAMPs and DAMPs stimulated KCs and PHH through TLR4 to secrete a large amount of pro-inflammatory cytokine which may further aggravate inflammatory status in the system and produce a leftward shift in the dose-response curve for APAP-induced hepatotoxicity. Collectively, the combined stimulation of LPS and 5 mM APAP elevated the IL-8 but reduced the Il-6 compared to LPS only stimulation and eventually resulted in an over 26% cell

Hsp90 is a cytoplasmic protein which is globular in structure, being predominantly polar outside and nonpolar inside. Hsp90 can be activated through the binding with ATP where it has a specific ATP-binding site. It contains two conformational states, an open ATP-bound state and a closed ADP-bound state. There are three functional domains in Hsp90. There is the N-terminus binding domain where ATP-binding occurs, the

The mitochondrial F1F0 ATP synthase is responsible for the ATP production in mammals via a rotary catalytic mechanism. Studies also show that the F1F0 ATP synthase can switch to an ATP hydrolase, which occurs under conditions during myocardial ischemia.

Phosphorylase b is sensitive to negative allosteric effectors ATP (high energy means that less have to be compelled to break down glycogen) and Glucose-6-phosphate (when present, less have to be compelled to continue glycogen breakdown). AMP may be a positive effector for muscle glycogen phosphorylase, overriding the negative impact of ATP. AMP levels rise in active muscle, signal the necessity for a lot of glucose release. Phosphorylase a is sensitive to glucose as a negative effector. This is often to conserve glycogen if alternative glucose sources are currently accessible. The phosphorylation control of glycogen phosphorylase may be a response to messages from outside the cell, signaled by the hormone. Allosteric management may be a response

The Sodium-Potassium Pump is a structure known as a cell-membrane pump that uses energy to transport Sodium and Potassium ions in and out of the cell. There are other varieties of cell membrane pump, however the sodium-potassium pump plays a vital role in maintaining a cell's homeostasis.

Most remarkably, in combination with polyphosphate kinase 1 (Ppk1), Poly P: AMP phosphotransferase may regenerate ATP from AMP. Considering the key role of ATP and the high level of Poly- P in cells, the fact that Poly- P plays an important role as a may substitute for ATP as a phosphate donor and energy source is of great importance.