P1 - Explain the Principal Psychological Perspectives. Essay

Self-fulfilling prophecy is described as any expectation, whether it is positive or negative, about a situation or occurrence that influences an individual’s behavior in such a way that it provides reason that the expectation is to be achieved. While I am employed in an educational setting, an educator may possibly give an expectation of a student being disruptive and ill-mannered. I work with behavioral special education students would have a tendency to disrupt class.

Our understanding of classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational learning has allowed us to unlock many of the answers we sought to learn about human behavior. Classical conditioning is a technique of behavioral training, coined by Ivan Pavlov, which basically states that an organism learns through establishing associations between different events and stimuli. This helps us understand human behavior in an assortment of ways. It makes it clear that almost everything we do is based on patterns of stimulus and response. For example, if you were bitten aggressively by a dog as a child, you may be still scared of dogs today. That is because the dog caused you pain, which in turn caused you have anxiety towards dogs.

Influence is powerful in determining one’s future. Actions behaviors and opinions are all connected to impact of others and the way they shape our views on the world as well as ourselves. Self-Image is dependent on the acceptance of others, thus always changing since one’s morals and ethics do not stay the same as time goes on. Influence of others play a role on how one tends to view themselves and people around them, by either being forced to conform to a country’s lifestyle, completing constant tasks to keep up with society’s demands, or being able to be content with oneself rather than being blinded of the onslaught of constant expectations.

In the early 1900s classical conditioning was founded by Ivan Petrovich Pavlov. The process of classical conditioning examines the type of learning where one discovers a new behavior by association. To break this down further one must understand the relationship between a stimulus and the response to that stimulus. Putting together how classical conditioning functions we must begin with the first stage where a stimulus called the unconditioned stimulus triggers a response called the unconditioned response. Once this process is concluded we are left with a neutral stimulus. Following this, the neutral stimulus will transcend into what is none as a conditioned stimulus. This new stimulus is applied to the person or thing and triggers a conditioned response.

Self-fulfilling prophecy can play out to be a good thing or have a bad ending. One example of a good self-fulfilling prophecy is a situation in which a girl believes that a boy is nice to her because he likes her. She then treats the boy special by giving him treats and more attention. He then go’s out with her because she is so nice to him and he is in a better mood when he is around her. Another example of self-fulfilling prophecy this time one with a negative ending could be like a college student who has had an internship. The situation would be that he is applying for a job that requires a year of experience. He does not think that he would get the job because he does not think that is actual experience so then he doesn’t put on the application

Self-fulfilling prophecy is a basic concept of believing something wrong or right and using that mindset to determine the outcome. Some argue it is socially motivated other say it is internally generated through the wanting of something so bad. My general consensus is that self-fulfilling prophecy is a true concept, based on several mitigating factors including but not limited to family environment, educational interaction and medical settings.

Classical conditioning is learning which has been acquired by experience (Terry, 2009).  Pavlov was the first one to experiment classical conditioning by training dogs how to salivate when they heard a bell ring.  In order for Pavlov to be able to do this, the first step was to show the dogs food.  The showing of food would cause the dogs to salivate.  Afterward, Pavlov would ring a bell whenever he brought food out. The experimenter continued to this many times.  Eventually, by the time the

Behavioural Psychology originated in the late 19th to early 20th century and was concerned with the prediction and control of the observable, measurable, external aspects of human experience. Behaviourist psychologists rejected the introspective method used by previous philosophers and psychologists and instead relied on using observation and data that was objective and empirical. This is known as an anti-mentalist approach; Behaviourists considered the workings of the mind

Self-fulfilling prophecy is a prediction, despite attempts to circumvent or to yield the prophecy, that is fulfilled in spite of its positive or negative affect on the individual. Once people are told this prediction they inadvertently change their actions to what they perceive to be the correct reactions to their fate. Essentially, regardless of their endeavors, the prophecy eventually happens because their modified behavior sets off a chain reaction making them one step closer to fulfilling the prophecy. Although the prophecy has no real influence on the individual’s fate, human emotions get in the way and eventually the prophecy always comes true. In most situations, had the individual not reacted or acted in a neutral way to the particular

A self-fulfilling prophecy is a prediction that directly or indirectly causes itself to become true, due to positive feedback between belief and behavior.

A self-fulfilling prophecy is a perception that influences the actions of an individual. For instance, an individual or group may act upon negative stereotypes associated with them and as the name suggests “fulfill” it, thus making the “prophecy”

In the chapter Cognition and Memory in Roger R. Hock’s Forty Studies That Changed Psychology, the researchers, Rosenthal and Jacobson, talk about the way we think. The way we think and the expertise in which we think affects our everyday lives. In this chapter, the study done was to determine if the self-fulfilling prophecy is something that really does happen in our lives around us without us even realizing it. Self-fulfilling prophecy is basically when we will something to happen or not to happen which then makes it happen or not happen without us even realizing that we are the force behind why it happened.

Comparing ourselves to others to see how we measure up and using past experiences can effect perceptions that we have with others. There are many processes that influence perception. Consciously deciding what information to pay attention to can influence many decisions we make. Understanding different cultures and

Classical conditioning was discovered through for the work of the 20th century Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov who was conducting Nobel prize-winning work on digestion. While

A prime example of classical conditioning would be the Pavlovian experiment, conducted in the 1860s, in which Pavlov, a Russian physiologist, noticed how his dogs would begin to salivate, an unconditioned response, not only when presented with food, an unconditioned stimulus, but