Pcr Gel Electrophoresis Lab Report

The next test is the Hemoglobinopathy evaluation. This test finds unusual forms or abnormal amount of hemoglobin in the red blood cell protein. Every newborn in the U.S. is required to have this test to test for sickle cell.

How to determine where the restriction enzymes, Ava II and Pvu II, sliced the DNA.

Sickle cell anemia (SCA) is an inherited blood disease which causes normal, round, healthy red blood cells to transform into sickle-shaped cells. Normal red blood cells are flexible and can easily pass through capillaries to bring oxygen to different parts of the body. However, sickle cells are fragile, and can easily die, leading to anemia (red blood cell deficiency). SCA can also cause blood vessel occlusion (blockage of blood vessels), tissue infarctions (death due to lack of oxygen), bone, joint, and abdominal pain, yellow eyes and skin, pale skin, delayed growth, increased risk of infections, and damage to organs. The disease is passed on by autosomal recessive inheritance, which means both parents of a child must have the defective gene for the child to be affected. If only one gene is inherited, the victim becomes a carrier of the sickle cell trait, producing only some sickle cells with little or no symptoms. This means two people with the trait have a 25% chance of having a baby with sickle cell disease, 25% chance of them having no defects, and 50% chance of the baby becoming a carrier as well. When the gene is inherited, it mutates the beta (β) globin gene in chromosome 11, changing the hemoglobins produced using instructions from the gene from a healthy hemoglobin A (Hb A) to a mutated hemoglobin S (Hb S). Many tests can be done to check for sickle cell disease, the most common being an ordinary blood test, where the blood is examined for hemoglobin S. If the

Using the electric current, scientists pass the DNA through gel, and as smaller molecules get through gel quicker than those of bigger sizes, DNA molecules get separated according the sizes of the molecules. We utilize the property that large molecules move slower, and DNA is slightly negatively charged(due to phosphate groups), so it will move to the positive pole of the gel.

Sickle cell anemia (SCA) is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder. This missense mutation is characterized by mutant beta globin subunits that tend to stick together (Cummings, 2014). As a result, abnormally shaped red blood cells are produced by this disorder. The erythrocytes are sickle or crescent shaped. Sickling occurs under hypoxic conditions, in which there is insufficient supply of oxygen delivered throughout the body (Sun & Xia, 2013). In order to inherit this monogenic disease, one copy of the sickle globin gene from each parent must be passed on to the offspring (Ashley-Koch,

The cause of sickle cell anemia is by a mutation gene. The gene tells your body to make hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is responsible for giving the blood its red color and allows the red blood cells to carry oxygen from your lungs to all the parts of your body. The sickle cell gene is passed down from one generation to the next and is inherited. It is called autosomal recessive inheritance. This happens when both the mother and father pass on the detective form of gene. If only one parent passes on the sickle cell gene to the child that means the child will have the sickle cell trait. People who have the sickle cell trait are carriers and can pass the defective gene to their children. Your ethnic background can put you at risk for sickle cell anemia.

Sickle Cell Anaemia is a heredity disorder in which the red blood cells are affected by altering into a mutated-form of haemoglobin, most commonly at low oxygen levels. The altered-form of haemoglobin are crescent-shape; which are not flexible and can easily block the blood flow in smaller blood vessels and arteries (refer to figure 1). When both alleles inherited carry the sickle cell anaemia disease; 100% of the body’s haemoglobin will mutate into the sickle (crescent) shape. Sickle cell disease is the codominance of only one inherited sickled allele, in which; the carrier can pass the disorder but does not express any significant symptoms or the anaemia itself. Sickle cell anaemia is an autosomal recessive disorder, thus both alleles must

The disorders for Sickle Cell Anemia is mutation, autosomal recessive, and blood loss. The chromosomes traveled from one parent to another which mean it's a positive chance the child will have that disease. Also that

Sickle Cell Disease is a genetic disease caused by a SNP (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism). Which means it is caused by a single letter gene mutation. Through the advent of CRISPR/Cas9 the disease might be cured. It is a serious reality and will enter medical trials within a handful of years. Sickle Cell Disease is an inherited disease that predominantly affects people of African descent. Red Blood cells become rigid and sickle shaped, causing blockages and pain crises. In cases of Sickle Cell Disease the Beta-Globin are mutated causing faulty and deformed Hemoglobin proteins thus creating sickled and short-lived Red Blood Cells.

Sickle Cell Anaemia follows an autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance, meaning the gene is on an autosome as opposed to a sex chromosome, and the disease only expresses itself in individual who posses two copies of the gene. The prevalence of the disease can be mainly attributed to its pattern of inheritance, where a heterozygote advantage occurs. As the genetic disorder is incompletely recessive, a heterozygote individual will have a mixed phenotype. Normal function of red blood cells will occur, but there will also be

Sickle cell anemia is the most famous, prevalent, and the subject of this paper. This blood disease is a genetically inherited blood illness in which the construction of unusually shaped red bloods cells occurs. This happens when a victim of this vicious disease receives two mutant copies of the hemoglobin gene from the individual’s parents. Hemoglobin A, A2, and F are the normal forms of hemoglobin in individuals without sickle cell disease or trait. The difference between the normal forms of hemoglobin is the nucleotides that decide which protein is made and how it’s folded. A-type is made up of two alpha chains and two beta chains. A2 is made up of two alpha and delta chains. F is made up of two alpha and gamma chains. Normally, the first six weeks after a child’s birth hemoglobin F is the main source of oxygen transport. After those initial six weeks, A-type hemoglobin takes control of the vascular

The purpose of this essay it to determine whether or not Jonathon Jackson, a 30 year old air traffic controller whom has been faithful to his company and job for over eight years that has recently discovered he has sickle cell anemia, should be dismissed from his job regarding his genetic test results. Sickle cell anaemia is the most severe form of sickle cell disease and is a genetic disease of the red blood cells (Gibbons, 2015). Red blood cells have a disk like form which allows them the ability to travel through blood vessels. Although in people with sickle cell, the red blood cells form an abnormal crescent shape which makes them rigid and sticky as shown in Diagram 3 below. This causes the sickled cells to get trapped in small vessels which blocks blood from reaching different parts of the body leading to pain, tissue damage and many more symptoms (University of Utah, 2015). The term anaemia comes from having a shortage of red blood cells in your blood which occurs because sickled cells only last up to 10- 20 days while normal red blood cells last approximately 120 days. The name ‘sickle’ comes from an old farm tool known as a sickle as shown in Diagram 4 below which represents the same shape as curved sickled cells (Petch, 2012). Sickle cell disease affects millions of people worldwide and is most common in those who have ancestors from Africa, the Mediterranean, The Arabian Peninsula and Spanish speaking areas in South America. People with sickle cell anaemia on

Sickle-cell anemia is a genetic disease. People who are affected have two copes of the mutant gene. Normally, if a patient is heterozygous for the sickle-cell gene, they do not display any symptoms of the disease. Sickle-cell anemia is characterized by a deformation of red blood cells that are elongated and resemble sickles. In sickle-cell disease, mutated hemoglobin binds together to form large masses, which give the red blood cells their sickle shape. The hemoglobin found in this disease is referred to as hemoglobin S (Hb S), as opposed to normal adult hemoglobin, hemoglobin A (Hb A).

Sickle cell disease is a group of diseases in which the affected individual has at least one copy of hemoglobin S (HbS). Sickle cell anemia is a type of sickle cell disease in which the patient inherits 2 copies of hemoglobin S (genotype HbSS). There are other examples of sickle cell disease; they include- HbAS, HbSC, and HbS beta thalassemia (National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute). The focus of this article would be on Sickle cell anemia. Sickle cell anemia is seen predominantly among Africans but is also seen in people of Mediterranean origin and the Middle East. It occurs in approximately 1:500 African American births and 1:36,000 Hispanic American births. About 2 million people in the United States have acquired the sickle cell trait (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services). The disease is caused by a point mutation in position 6 of the beta subunit of the hemoglobin gene which results in substitution of the amino acid valine in place of glutamic acid. There is a single nucleotide substitution (A to T) in the codon for amino acid 6. The change converts a glutamic acid codon (GAG) to a valine codon (GTG) (National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute).

While comparing the difference between the normal and sickle cell strands, it was identified that in the sickle cell there is a coding error. As the transcription error causes the person