Pain Management

The child can seem to be on alert, as if waiting for something bad to happen. Shies away from touch, seems reluctant to go home, flinches at sudden movement. The injuries a child has, appear as a pattern such as marks from a hand or belt.

In a study conducted by Hatfield and Young (2007), 1,727 procedures such as venipuncture, intravenous (IV) catheter placement, intramuscular (IM) injections, urinary catheterizations, and nasogastric tube placement in 1,210 children have been reviewed. Their findings reveal that almost none of the patients received pain management. Although traumatic for the patient, these procedures are considered to be minor by many nurses, and the culture of pain management has not been seen as the standard of care (Hatfield & Young, 2007). Nursing staff is encouraged to change the culture by embracing their role as patient advocate. Every patient deserves a triage pain assessment with ongoing assessments as necessary. Pain control measures must be implemented prior to beginning potentially painful procedures. Discussion must take place between the parents and healthcare staff in order to deliver the best comfort measures on a case-by-case basis.

Pain is not just a symptom, but a specific problem that needs to be treated. Pain is a neurologic response to unpleasant stimuli. What is the gate control theory of pain? What are the classifications of pain? What are some ways to manage pain?

The ratings for this scale vary from no pain, a zero, to the worst pain one could possibly endure, a ten ('Misha' Backonja & Farrar, 2015).  This type of tool used for measuring pain is considered a self-assessment.  Meaning, the individual rates his/her pain on the provided scale.  All individuals who have received medical treatment, whether for a serious injury or a yearly physical, has been asked, “What would you rate your pain today, on a scale of one to ten?”.  This pain assessment tool is considered a fully ordered variable due to the individual having a wide range to rate his/her

Children have multiple or prolonged exposure to trauma, experience various symptoms and reactions, and long for progressive techniques to heal their pain.

Anger, Anxiety, Depression. The Trauma Symptom Checklist for Children (TSCC) is a 54-item self-report scale for ages 8-16. This scale is used to measure anger, anxiety, depression, and a number of other attitudes and feelings. The respondent is asked questions about having experienced traumatic events, such as physical or sexual abuse, major loss, or natural disasters. (Gratz & Roemer,

Nonverbal behaviors are extremely variable, especially for chronic pain syndromes. Will aid in detection and assessment.

Since Abdalrahim et al. (2010) stated that nurses are not being properly educated in pain and pain management here is some different definitions and examples. According to Engebretson, Monsivais, & Mahoney (2006), “Pain

It is essential to identify if John Taylor has pain at the time of the initial interview. If so, it is necessary to promote interventions to provide relief. The initial assessment will serve as a guide to develop the plan of treatment of pain. In the initial approach it is also essential to ask to John Taylor about past painful experiences. Knowledge and use of scales to assess pain intensity, are a great value in support of the clinic.

There are many ways to manage pain in today’s society. Some prefer non-analgesic treatment, and others rather manage their pain by taking analgesics as soon as they 're aware of the severity of their pain. On the specific topic of neonates, it is often said that their pain is overlooked. Because it is so difficult to suspect whether or not the infant is in pain due to their developmental age group, nurses are reluctant to take pharmacological measures without proof. There are a considerable amount of pain scales accessible for neonates and neonatal nurses.

The major concepts of this theory are defined theoretically since the use of these definitions is from a broader theoretic concept. Therefore, an operational concept could be developed from them. There is consistency in the use of these concepts throughout the theory of acute pain management with examples given using the same language as well as maintaining the integrity of the concepts.

Pain can be categorised as either acute pain or chronic pain. Acute pain is short lasting and will commonly subside once healing has taken place (Mac Lellan 2006). It is often a sudden onset and usually lasts less than 6 months. The main example of acute pain would be the pain experienced post surgery. Chronic pain on the other hand is a prolonged and persistent pain that remains long after the normal healing process of 3- 6 months. A common example of such a pain would be chronic back pain (Mac Lellan 2006). For the purpose of this assignment, the management of acute pain post surgery will be discussed with reference to a particular scenario, which followed the care and pain management given to a patient post appendectomy.

Pediatric pain management is measured subjectively because it is based off of what the patient says or how the nurse interprets the pain scale. Pain is rated using different scales, unfortunately these different scales could yield different results. Nurses are trained to use pediatric pain scales to analyze and treat pain but parents are not supplied with the tools to manage pain when the patient goes home. With 84% of all pediatric surgical procedures performed on an outpatient basis, the importance of teaching parents how to assess for and manage pain has become more important than ever (Rony, Fortier, Chorney, Perret, & Kain, 2010). According to Rony’s et al. (2010) study, it is apparent that pediatric pain is not being treated effectively. The study showed that 58.8% of children were receiving less than the daily recommended does prescribed by the pediatrician (p.1). Results of the study also showed that parents had false assessments on if their child was actually in pain. 36% of parents believed that if their child was in pain, they would cry out for the parent , 30% agreed that their child would always tell them if they are in pain, while 22% said that the child would report their pain immediately (Rony, Fortier, Chorney, Perret, & Kain, 2010, ). Children do not always verbalize when they are in pain. Sometimes the pain can be so intense that a child is unable to talk. If the child catches on to the parents negative perception of pain medications, the child may not

The proposed study will be a quantitative pilot randomized control trial design to determine the feasibility and acceptability of the interventions, methodology and evaluation methods, as well as provide data to facilitate a randomized control study (Feely, et al., 2009). The study will evaluate the effects of the intervention on nerve impulse transmission to the brain, described in the pain gate theory, through comparison of preschool children’s perception of pain and physiological response in children (Moayedi & Davis, 2013; Tansky & Lindberg, 2010). The comparison will evaluate if children who receive distraction, through nurse led singing, pain perception and response differs from children who receive basic intervention while receiving a intramuscular immunization (Moayedi & Davis, 2013; Tansky & Lindberg, 2010). The dependent variable will be defined as the self-report of pain through utilization of tools successful in evaluating pediatric pain: the Wong-Baker FACES Pain Rating Scale and a Visual Analogue Scale (Garra, et al., 2010). A secondary outcome is defined as a change in pulse, respiration rate and blood pressure. Vital signs will be taken at three time intervals during immunization: five minutes prior,

In everyday setting within the hospital, nearly every patient experiences the feeling of pain. Along with this come other emotions, such as frustration and stress. Pain is considered to be subjective so self report will vary among the individual. When patients are admitted to the hospital, evaluating for pain is one of the six vital signs that is assessed at least three times per shift. To deliver patient-centered care, nurses aim to treat the undesirable aspects of pain, regardless of the source. Not only does pain management provide a solution to feelings of discomfort, but it also improves the healing process. Nurses and other health professionals utilize pharmacology to relieve pain quickly. In most cases, acetaminophen is the first line of defense because it comes with fewer side effects and is safer compared to other medications (McDonald & Molloy, 2012). The purpose of this paper is to determine if acetaminophen is more effective in pain management than NSAIDs in a clinical setting.