Pakistan, India and The Disputed Region of Kashmir Essay

Disputes over land seem to be a catalyst for almost every hostility and war since the dawn of time. The addition of politics and religion into the matter only serves to aggravate an already tense situation. Kashmir knows this all too well. The conflict between Hindus and Muslims seems to be an ever reoccurring battle. This is also evidenced in population battles. Hindus make up the social majority of the population of India by almost eighty percent. Feelings of tension and uneasiness are a natural reaction to being dominated by a majority and are a problem unto itself.

The very next day, we decided to go on a city tour of Kashmir. Water in its peculiar form, charmed Kashmir to the core. From beautiful springs to huge lakes, water has been the most vital part of Kashmir’s beauty. It is said that once emperor Jahangir, of the Mughal Dynasty had stated that Kashmir is vowed to be the paradise on Earth. And yes it is true. Visiting Kashmir makes you feel as though you have come to the heaven

The ongoing conflict between India and Pakistan has been the subject of speculation and study by political scientists and historians for a number of years. The ethnic conflict seems to have been sparked at the very beginning in 1947, when the British used Muslim and Hindu mercenaries against each other before the area finally split into today’s countries of India and Pakistan (Spiegel et al. 2015, 185). The timeline since then has been full of conflicts, both major and minor. Brutal tactics used by security forces and a high rate of unemployment have added to the issue (BBC News 2016).

Since 1948, India and Pakistan have fought three more wars over the territory. Moreover, both states started testing nuclear weapons in 1998 and tensions have only escalated. Pakistani policy on India, under all administrations has remained contingent on the resolution of the Kashmir issue. The Pakistani position is that relations cannot be improved until the territorial dispute is negotiated. In this sense, and in its military support of the separatist movement, Pakistan remains an actively revisionist power. India, while formally claiming Pakistan’s portion of Kashmir, has never sought to negotiate its claim and is in favor of the status quo. From the

Kashmir is conflict territory after the partition of India and Pakistan. Conflict is not only between India and Pakistan but also India and the religious militants. Religious Militants are conducting a jihad to govern by the religious law. Historically, Kashmir included Sufis Muslim not orthodox Muslim. Numerous international events had influenced in the growth of Islamic fundamentalism in Kashmir. Jihad is not originally from Kashmir but they are foreign militancy bought during the end of the Soviet –Afghanistan War. Additionally, they are trained in Afghanistan and Pakistan. Pakistan Inter service Intelligence helped them to incorporate into organized militant groups. Pakistan helped Jihad group with full moral,

“Prior to the 1979 Soviet invasion, the government and people of Afghanistan historically had warm relations with India. Following India’s Independence from Great Britain and Partition, Afghanistan saw India as an ally in its increasingly bitter and occasionally militarized dispute with Pakistan over the inclusion of ethnic Pashtuns in the new state of Pakistan. India, like the Soviet Union, extended diplomatic and moral support to Afghanistan in its irredentist quarrel with Pakistan.38 A natural convergence of interests was inevitable between India and Afghanistan as both states realized that they had a common problem in border relations with Pakistan: Afghanistan over Pashtunistan and India over Kashmir (Yadav, 2011).”

Examining Jinnah 's long and chequered public life, for some forty-four years (1904-48), helps determine the core ideological values he was committed to throughout his political career. Based on his initial speeches and writings, Jinnah was a committed nationalist and didn’t believe in separate electorates for Hindu and Muslim, but later however, used the provision of separate electorate to gain his first elected office in 1909, as Bombay 's Muslim representative on the Imperial Legislative Council. But, later with the his shift, though gradual towards communalism and the subsequent demand of Pakistan in 1940 made his a communalist to the very core who believed that Hindus and Muslims can never share the same territory and hope for equal representation. This essay examines how Jinnah’s politics evolved through phases, merged into the next, without sudden shifts. It analyses how his ideologies underwent a drastic shift from 1937 onwards, and led to him advocating the goal of Pakistan, and to build it primarily in Islamic terms without it being a theocratic state.

Efforts to resolve this conflict between India and Pakistan have so far been unsuccessful. The conflict resulted in war in 1989, and thousands of lives were affected. Wars broke out in 1963 because India began trying to incorporate Kashmir into its country, in 1965 due to Pakistani

Most are fueled by Pakistan intelligence service backing proxy groups to incite an insurgency of militant separatist. Pakistan backs several Islamist extremist groups within the Kashmir region both, financially and through moral support. These groups use non-discriminant tactics while waging the Pakistan proxy war of ethnic cleansing. Likewise, India has their own issues with human rights violations with India sponsored security forces allegations of widespread abuse under the guise of clearing out the insurgents. In an interview with Religion and Ethics Newsweekly, Kashmir’s Grand Mufti, Bashir Uddin Ahmad he describes the situation between Pakistan and India. Bashir Ahmad states that the numbers of people missing or dead because of these conflicts are misleading. Ahmad states “since 1989, when the situation became more critical, hundreds of thousands of people are missing and hundreds of thousands more have been killed. We have no knowledge of where they are. The killing continues unabated, and the situation is still simmering” (Bashir Ahmad 2012). Conflict is nothing new to the people of Kashmir. The countries have tried to settle the dispute both politically and militarily. If esthetic issues were not enough, now the quest for increase resources pose another problem and add another layer of complexity and distance between the two

Instead, India chose to fall into its traditional role of disciplinarian, behaving in such a way as to feed Pakistan’s already significant inferiority complex by getting Mr. Zardari’s regime to back into a corner with its ill-thought-out rhetoric and cumbersome actions. Once on the backfoot, Mr. Zardari was forced to react to, rather than engage with, New Delhi.

The constructivist account of the Kashmir dispute captures the crucial issue of contested national identities as a source of dispute and a factor affecting conflict resolution. It says that people construct their own understanding, ideas and knowledge of the world through experiencing things and reflecting on those experiences. This theory falls

One of the most densely populated developing countries in the world is the South-Asian country of Pakistan. According to data collected by the World Health Organization in 2015, Pakistan has an estimated population of over 189 million, with a steady rate of growth of around 2% per year (1). Females in Pakistan are expected to live till 67.5 years, while males trail shortly behind at 65.5 years. The literacy rate, which is amongst the lower end of the worldwide literacy scale sits at 58% for both, women and men who are in the age range of 15-24 years. In the realm of health, Pakistan is affected by various outbreaks including, but not limited to hepatitis A and B, HIV, measles, polio and typhoid. However, one of the leading epidemics in the country is malaria; a reported number of annual cases of over 3.7 million and incidence of 1.1 per 1,000 people. The climate in the country changes throughout the year from tropical to temperate along with dry conditions along the southern coast. (2) Malaria is typically unstable and the major transmission period is usually from the months of August to November, which is the post-monsoon season (3). Figure 1, shows that only 3.8% of the population in Pakistan is not considered at risk for malaria. In 2009, the Pakistani government announced that malaria control will be one of the top priorities in the National Health Policy.

India thinks that Kashmir is not the issue for an international concern and India does not consider UN’s take on any political action over Kashmir. India’s apprehension of Kashmir is reasonable somehow because India has fought three times with Pakistan regarding Kashmir’s issue. On the contrary, resolution does not come through military action. According to India, if India is ready to establish Kashmir as a democratic province with all the privileges of an autonomous, there is no guarantee to Kashmir will be under the Indian union. Because there are lots of terrorist groups are fighting against India. Pakistan is supporting them by providing materials as well as financial backing (Schofield, V. 2000).

India since its autonomy in 1947 has taken after an arrangement of peace and non-arrangement. India has constantly brought its voice up for truth and Justice. It was after India got its Independence in 1947 that the Nation has ready to frame its own remote arrangement. India association with the Soviet Union began off extremely well because of Pandit Nehru's drive. India's relations with the Soviet Union in those initial five year after autonomy were conflicted, guided by Nehru's choice, to remain neutral and take dynamic part in the Commonwealth of Nations. However in February 1954, when the US organization reported the choice to give arms and supply refined military equipment and monetary guide to Pakistan, this advancement frightened

The Kashmir dispute dates from 1947. The partition of the Indian sub-continent along religious lines led to the formation of India and Pakistan.  Because of its location, Kashmir could choose to join either India or Pakistan. Pakistan fails to recognize the Instrument of Accession signed by Maharaja Hari Singh on October 26, 1947 ceding Kashmir to India as they believe it was signed for the sole purpose of military assistance. Many wars have been