Pakistan, like many international countries, contains a plethora of healthcare delivery complications when providing services to its citizens. This is immensely concerning for the international community because Pakistan is the 5th most populous country in the world, and the largest land mass in the Eastern Mediterranean. Littered with an array of different terrains, climates, and features, Pakistan’s land mass is approximate 800,000 square km. Geographically, Pakistan divides its providences into five large and one small, with an additional three territories. The providences are listed below in sizes from smallest to largest: Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakhtunkhwa, Khyber, Balochistan, Sindh, and Punjab. (see fig. 1)
Over the last decade, Pakistan has faced its share of disasters; both natural and artificial. It was struck by a massive earthquake in 2005 and continues to be fixed with religious and militant groups in its northern regions. Compromised regions of security make health care access problematic. Pakistan 's population will also be a future concern for health care delivery. A consistently high population growth rate exceeding 2% annually has led to Pakistan being quite a young nation with over 35% of its population being under the age of 14 years old. A key health indicator that was a focus for Pakistan is its infant mortality rate which has failed to remain on target with the Millennium Development Goals. In fact, the last accurate data for IMR was in 2007 with 63 deaths
Pakistan with a population of 182,143,000 in 2013, it is one of the most populated countries in the world, but it is also one of the least developed (poverty in Pakistan) (WHO reference). Poverty is a prevalent issue through out Pakistan: “about one quarter of the population lives below poverty line” (Poverty in paki). Pakistani’s living in poverty being less common in the urban areas, and more common in the rural areas with about half of the rural population still under the category of absolute poverty (Poverty in paki). Poverty in Pakistan and throughout the world impacts the population’s ability to live healthy lifestyles. Without the means to acquire adequate nutrition, health care, and services, these people are unable to meet their individual health needs. Due to the link with poverty and health, it has remained priority in almost all national plans of Pakistan (Pakistan poverty).
Is it possible for two countries which are thousands of kilometers away from each other to have some similarities in their health care system? Health care system is one of the most important and fundamental sectors in any country or region all around the world. Many countries pour a major amount of their overall income to support the health care system. And the main reason behind this tremendous effort provided by the countries all around the world for the health care system is that each country wants to provide a good and high standard health care services for all the population occupying the land whether they were local citizens or Non- local citizens . This essay will compare and contrast the health care system in two wonderful countries:
The mortality rate of under-five children is 4/1000. Moreover, although there is a high-income expenditure on health (more than 6 thousands per capita) in relation to the rest of the world, the primary cause of death in the country is the Ischaemic heart disease, a cause that could be prevented by a
The Journal of Global Health Perspectives is an online open-access research journal. In addition to publishing primary research they also publish articles that relate meaningful experiences, observations and reflections from members of the global health community. To publish an article in the journal the article had to be E mailed to them along with a signed copyright policy and indicate the category of the work. Current topics of interest are Child health inequality, Maternal health in India, Ebola eradication.
Black R E., Cousens S., Johnson, H. L., Lawn, J. E., Rudan, I., Bassani, D. G., Jha, P., Campbell, H., Walker, C.F, and Cibulskis, R (2010) Global, regional and national causes of child mortality; a systematic analysis. Lancet 375 (9730); 1969-1987.
Canada is known for its universal health care system. Health care services across Canada are financed by the government and follows the guidelines of the Canada Health Act (1984) Which states: “ to protect, promote, and restore the physical and mental well being of residents of Canada and to facilitate reasonable access to health services without financial or other barriers”. The Canada health act includes medically necessary hospital diagnostic and access to a physician. Further more portability between
1.1. The United States (US) must continue to expand collaboration efforts across the Americas to support democratic consolidation, deter drug trafficking, counter insurgency and counter organized crime (NSS, 2015). As the current political crisis between the Inspector General and the Bogota Mayor unwinds, it is highly likely that all of these efforts will come into play to keep Colombia on a path toward peace and stability. As such, we must support the resolution of longstanding regional conflicts, particularly Columbia’s peace discussions with the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia or FARC (NSS, 2015). The FARC has been many things over the years and has evolved into a drug trafficking insurgency. Although the FARC is far from Colombia’s domestic only problem, their assimilation into society or elimination all together will allow the country to continue to strengthen as a democracy. The US is obligated to conduct Stability and Counterinsurgency Operations and conduct limited stability operations when required, working with interagency, coalition, and host-nation forces in a whole of government approach to assist Colombia in the current situation (NSS, 2015). Such efforts emphasize unique elements of American DoS and DoD forces: civil- military affairs teams, building partner capacity, information support teams, and cultural outreach programs.
The United States (US) is a diverse nation; a product of mass immigration from a variety of nations, race, and cultures. In fact, the US would not exist as it does today without the influx of immigrants coming to its shores for a better life. Many people have described the US as a melting pot, which elicits thoughts of everyone coming together to resemble one another. Rather than having an eclectic mix of different cultures and beliefs, the nation has sought to assimilate most people into a mold that reflects the dominant culture and belief system. However, diverse cultures and people need to feel as if they are accepted and their beliefs and cultures need recognition and inclusion (Petrovich & Lowe, 2005). The focus of public education in the US has been one of assimilation, where people let go of their former culture and adopt an entirely new identity (Hickey, 2015; Kaestle & Foner, 1983). While education has rested in the hands of individual states, the federal government has pushed a curriculum of assimilation throughout the history of the US (Carroll, 2009). However, many educational experts have determined that assimilationist practices were very alien to a variety of students and were not often beneficial to students who were forced or prodded to assimilate (Kaestle & Foner, 1983). Therefore, education for immigrants can be better understood through an investigation of the differing perspectives of assimilation and acculturation. Assimilation has been the
The WHO report (3) estimates there are slightly more than 59 million health care workers in the world. Of the 4.3 million shortages, India appears as one of the dozens of countries with a critical shortage of health care providers (4-6). A Critical shortage of health care providers means for every given birth, less than 80 percent have skilled birth attendants present. The data further suggests that a country must have between 2.02 and 2.54 skilled birth attendants (doctors, nurses, or midwives) per 1000 population to support growth and maintain a strong health care system. Estimates place India at 1.87 skilled birth attendants per 1000 population (7).
In 2002 Afghanistan reported a baseline figure of 1,600 deaths per 100,000 with a 2015 targeted reduction to 315 (Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, 2013, p. 53). While Afghanistan was able to reach the original goal it had set for itself, new goals were created to combat the continuous high number of maternal deaths. Afghanistan has identified general lack of family planning, a limited supply of qualified midwives, and limited access to health care in general as contributing factors towards such high maternal death rates. The state has been working with UNICEF, WHO, and other international partners to implement its National Reproductive health strategy to help combat the conditions in which Afghanistan mothers find themselves.
The health of many women in Algeria which is part of Sub-Saharan Africa in 1990 were impacted by the poor health care system because they lived in poverty. Poverty caused these women to lack essential needs to live a quality life. They lacked or could not afford resources such as supplies, health care professionals, and facilities for healthcare, clean water, and waste disposal. This ultimately affected the health of women and their children. For instance, lack of clean water and waste disposal facilities can cause health abnormalities such as cholera or typhoid fever which can cause devastating deaths. This is a healthcare problem because of the lack of funding. The lack of funding prevents antibiotics from being used to prevent death, and prevents African’s from being vaccinated against typhoid fever. Another example of how poverty affects woman’s health is unintended pregnancy, which is because they are more likely to engage in risky sexual behavior. It's part of the health crisis because it includes a poor health system, and a lack of education about proper nutrition and behaviors during pregnancy. Complications in these pregnancies due to poor nutrition and not visiting the doctor regularly includes increased infant mortality. Infant mortality in the slums of Nairobe is 91.3% while it is 75.9% in urban areas where there is a better developed healthcare system. The inferiority of poor Africans in
While discrepancies in governmental data is not unusual, it is problematic when two US agencies tasked with the oversight of health care facilities and the expenditure of millions on Afghanistan medical facilities cannot agree on the location of more than 80% of the health clinics. In a country where travel is difficult, this may seem trivial but the geospatial data used to tag these facilities in the Afghanistan villages and rural areas is necessary to verify that inspections actually take place and proper money allocation happens.
In 2013, 289 000 women died during pregnancy and childbirth and it was estimated that everyday 800 women all over the world died from childbirth or childbirth-related problems (World Health Organization, 2014). Often, maternal mortality is found to occur more often in developing countries than developed countries. Maternal mortality refers women who died from the situation like during pregnancy, termination of pregnancy within 42 days, regardless of duration and place of pregnancy, from aggravation caused by the pregnancy or pregnancy management (Nwagha et al, 2010). Maternal mortality may be resulted from direct or indirect cause. Direct causes are from obstetric complications of pregnancy, labour, and puerperium, and interventions whereas indirect causes are from the worsening of current conditions by pregnancy or delivery (Givewell, 2009). This paper aims to examine the causes for maternal mortality in both developed and developing countries and will end with a proposal for government to ensure women are given reproductive health rights.
Pakistan, due to its diverse range of terrain, is susceptible to wide ranging hazards from droughts to floods and earthquakes to cyclones. Pakistan suffered a major drought from 1995-2000. Pakistan almost every year suffers from floods but the destructions faced in 2010 have changed parameters of our thinking. Pakistan has also experienced earthquakes ranging from moderate to severe in intensity. Despite all these hazards, Pakistan is yet to
The current death rate is 29 per 1,000 live births and of the 2.8 million newborns dying at birth worldwide, India accounts for 700,000 children dying at birth or shortly after. The National Health Policy to improve care children and women. Poor neonatal health conditions, widespread illiteracy, poverty, poor sanitation and nutrition have also been identified and India’s hopes to tackle these issues by passing this policy.