Palemonium Essay

In this lab, the organism that we have been working with is the bacterium, Serratia marcescens. S. marcescens is a member of the Enterobacteriaceae family, and tends to grow in damp environments. S. marcescens is an ideal bacterium to work with in the lab because it reproduces quicker than other bacterium. This bacterium produces a special pigment called prodigiosin, which is red in color. The prodigiosin pigment is intensified when S. marcescens is grown at higher densities. During our experiment, temperature, pH, salinity concentration and oxygen requirements were tested on S. marcescens to measure their optimal growth and prodigiosin production.

For the temperature test each bacteria was placed on a nutrient agar and incubated for either 10, 20, 30, 40, or 50 degrees Celsius for 48 hours. During the pH test, each organism was placed on four agars varying in pH level from pH 2, 4, 6 and 8 and incubated near 37 degrees Celsius for 48 hours. For the osmotic pressure test, each organism was placed on four agars one each containing 2%, 5%, 8%, and 11% NaCl concentration levels. These were incubated near 37 degrees Celsius for 48 hours. The results of the tests are recorded in Tables 1, 2, and 3. All tests were performed according to the instructions provided in Leboffe & Pierce(1). The biochemical tests used on both unknowns and the ubiquity are:

Purpose of Bergy’s Manual: based on ribosomal RNA sequences, which presumably reflect phylogenetic (evolutionary) relationships. Used for the identification of prokaryotes. 2nd edition on classification of prokaryotes.

Based on the biochemical pathway tests and results that we performed, we were able to use as a guideline the Bergey’s Manual to assist in the identification of our unknown specimen. From this we were able to identify our organism as belonging to Group IX to the genera Proteus, Providencia, and Morganella. Our instructions dictated that if we needed to perform test for urea to confer with instructor to determine which species was our organism specifically. From our consultation, we were told we had correctly

The SEA Phage Project is a national project that keeps in account of different phage discoveries across the country. This research course for the two semester starts with digging up soil to find rare and similar phages (http://seaphages.org/). Started by the Howard Hughes Medical, it helps students get the experience of being in an advance lab session and also helps with advancing in their science career of their choice in genome annotation and bioinformatic analysis (http://seaphages.org/). The program requires a set of protocols used into completing this research. Its components are 1. Isolation, purification and amplification, 2. Bioinformatic and genomic features (Poxleitner, M, et al). The purpose of this research is to learn different lab techniques and experience a real- life lab work that is able to stay with students and use it for future references.

The purpose of this study is to identify four unknown organisms. The unknown organisms have been assigned randomly to six-research groups by Professor Hoffman. Each research group was provided two eukaryotes and two prokaryotes. The unknown organisms will fall into the following classifications: bacteria, algae, fungi, or protozoans. All living organisms are organized into one of three domains of life, Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.

Though many events do take place in other regions of the city, we only obtain knowledge of them through hearsay. Euripedes used this tool in theaters for the audience to visualize the actions instead of cheapening the experience with the few special affects available to them.

To prepare 0.156% of Nordox and Mancozeb, 0.078 g of both fungicides were dissolved in two separate flasks containing 50 ml sterilized distilled water. The 50 ml mixture was used to dissolve 1.95 g PDA. These were then poured and divided into three plates to serve as replicates. The plates were incubated for 5 days at 28-30˚C in an incubation cabinet. However, it is found out that the recommended rate for both fungicides did not inhibit or stop the growth of the pathogen (see Appendix D, page 63). From these

Oocyst of C. cayetanensis is spherical, 8-10 µm in diameter and appears as a nonrefrctile sphere that contains a cluster of refractive membrane bound globules (Bern et al., 1996). On sporulation the entire globule divides into two ovoid structures which are called sporocysts, each one contains two sporozoites and each sporozoite measures 1.2-9.0 microns (Ortega et al., 1993). The amount of time required for oocyst to sporulate in nature is unknown but under laboratory conditions, sporulation occurs after 5-11 days incubation in either distilled water or 2.5% potassium dichromate at temperatures of 25 to 32° C (Ortega et al., 1993; Ortega and Sanchez 2010). Laboratory diagnosis of cyclosporiosis by microscopy is the commonest method but molecular has the potential to be more sensitive in spite of being unable to differentiate live from dead Cyclospora oocysts (Garcia-Lopez et al., 1996). Due to the several outbreaks caused by cyclosporiosis and its relation to certain local or imported food and contaminated water supply the development of new anti-protozoal agents to eradicate the resistance infective forms are urgent (Chacin-Bonilla,

An intestinal infection that is found worldwide, Giardiasis is one of the most prevalent waterborne diseases in the United States and many other parts of the world. Often a major diarrheal disease, Giardia is caused by an aquatic, microscopic parasite found globally, however it most often found in regions of poor sanitation that only have access to unsafe water. Few examples of symptoms that are common with Giardiasis are asymptomatic colonization or acute or chronic colonization or acute/chronic diarrheal illness. The illness itself represents a zoonosis that has the potential to infect both animals and humans and it includes Giardia intestinalis, G muris, G agilis, G psittaci, G ardeae, and G microti.

Parasitic and fungal infections have amplified over the past decades as a result of major changes in society, technology, their surroundings, and the microbes themselves becoming more resistant to antibiotics. As a result these changes will have unpredictable consequences. Other contributing factors influencing this surge of change is due to human behavior, demographics, economic development and land use; as well as changes in technology and trade. People are traveling international more than ever before and with this travel they take along with them not only their luggage but microorganism stowaway’s as well. Developing countries have a breakdown of public health measures allowing for an easy passage for new disease to move from place to

Mucor is a microbial genius of modules located in the soil, Gastro intestinal tract, surfaces of plants and vegetables. There two different ways in which mucor can lead to infection in the human body. It could cause lungs, sinuses and eye infection when the spores are inhaled and thus lead to a pulmonary exposure. It affects human Beringia pulmonary exposure or cutaneous form. The former is by inhaling the fungal spores, which results to fungi, sinusitis and infection of the eye. While the later could be from the entrance of the fungi through cuts, scrapes, wound and trauma to the skin. (Dannaouinn et al: 2003).

Species within the genus Cryptosporidium have been traditionally classified upon host range, oocyst morphology and site of infection and infections from farm

Cryptosporidium parvum is a protozoan intestinal parasite causing a short-term enteric illness in individuals with functioning immune systems, and can cause a potentially fatal infection in immunosuppressed individuals. Because of C. parvum’s resistance to many of the procedures used to process drinking water and food, and the parasite’s extremely high fecundity, the potential for a large scale outbreak is very high. In fact, C. parvum was responsible for an outbreak in Milwaukee in 1993 when an estimated 403,000 people became ill. This was the largest waterborne outbreak of disease in United States history. This paper will cover some aspects of C. parvum’s life cycle, human sickness

Many people in nowdays love consuming berries as it is known for one of the healtheirst fruits you can eat . However berries have been implicated in foodborne outbreak. Cyclospora Cayetanensis is a species of human pathogenic parasite that enter the human body and produces an intestinal infection in non-immune person. It is the parasite that is known as an emerging pathogen that causes diarrhea and, loss of appetite and it sometimes fatigue in humans. In terms of morphology, it has 7.5~10micrometers spherical oocyst that with a 50 nanometer thick wall with an outer threadlike coat. Due to small size of the parasite, the diagnosis of C.cayetanensis can be sometimes difficult to get a correct diagnosis. In humans, the habitat of Cyclospora is the enterocyte of the small intestine. So it bind to certain fresh produce to live because the produce that has fine, hair like projections lead to facilitate the entrapment of the sticky Cyclospora oocyst to the surfaces. In more specific, it is associated with the consumption of fruits, such as strawberries, raspberries, and blueberries. This species, the parasite was placed in the Cyclospora genus and named Cyclospora Cayetanensis because of the spherical shape of its sporocysts and cyanobacterium-like,coccidian-like, and clyclospora like bodies..The name was made from to the Cayetano Heredia University in Lima, Peru, where early epidemiological and taxonomic work was done. It is always important to diagnose parasites