Pallidal Striatal Pathway

Frame a research question/state a hypothesis as to what you will be looking to demonstrate in your work.

1. A brief description the research project and issue under investigation and an analysis of best practice in relation to this issue. (2.1 and 2.2).

The corticospinal pathway is also called the pyramidal system and provides conscious motor control over skeletal muscles.

Now, pick one of those muscles and trace their control from the appropriate brain structure all the way to the NMJ. Be sure to include all intermediate structures, synapses, plexuses and nerves.

Discuss the mechanisms of neural communication and explain the impact that different drugs can have on this communication.

The first layer of the brain is the cortex which covers the top and sides of the brain. This area controls reasoning and language, and this area will be less active when under sedative drugs. The basal ganglia are located underneath the cortex and it is made up of by the striatum. The striatum controls muscle tone and is part of the dopamine pathway which is a potential transport highway for psychoactive drugs. The hypothalamus is at the base of the brain and serves as liaison between the brain and pituitary gland.

This requires a properly formatted outline, a comprehensive outline that addresses key points, and a brief summary of key points

send this information to the central nervous system. The motor neurons in turn carry processed

Some dopaminergic (i.e., dopamine-releasing) neurons run from the substantia nigra to the corpus striatum; their loss gives rise to the clinical manifestations of Parkinson's Disease (Korczyn 1994); others, involved in the rewarding effects of drugs and natural stimuli, run from the mesencephalon to the nucleunucleus accumbens.

Your Research Question- Give your research question (may be a working question). Give background for your question.

Parkinson’s disease is affected by the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons which is responsible to produce dopamine. Dopaminergic neurons have their cell bodies in substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) in basal ganglia (O’Sullivan and Schmitz, 2007). Basal ganglia are a collection of interconnected gray matter nuclear masses deep within the brain”. These gray matter masses are caudate, putamen, globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus and the substantia nigra. Basal ganglia receive its input through striatum (O’Sullivan and Schmitz, 2007).

Thoughts that started in the cerebral cortex as synapses between unmylientated neurons of many brilliant gentleman. These synapses traveled to other parts of the brain to turn into synapses that signal movement of certain muscle fibers. Movement that occurs by a signal accompanied by chemical elements traveling down millions of dendrites, myelinated axons, and axon terminals. They reach the muscle fibers where synaptic vessels release acetylcholine into the synaptic clef where the ACH(acetylcholine) travels down the sarcolemma into the T tubules into the SR which releases Calcium ions. The Calcium ions then attach to protein myosin which attaches to tripoponin a protein part of actin. The myosin contracts moving the actin and then more acetylcholine is produced so the myosin unhooks from the actin. These muscle

Nerve clusters lead to your physical actions. They also predict how much force will be used in physical activity.

Within the human anatomy, an intricate and complex network of specialised nerve fibres and neurons works in collaboration with the central nervous system and peripheral system, designed to carry out the various actions humans perform every day. The nervous system is also known as the master control unit of the human body, as it operates other major functions such as the circulatory and respiratory systems (Jakab, 2006). It is composed of the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The neurons established within the various sections of the nervous system, is structured with three main parts: a dendrite which is a cluster of branches that operates by receiving information from the

It has been known that PD is a disorder affecting the basal ganglia. The term basal ganglia is generally applied to a collection of nuclei situated deep within the cerebral hemispheres, lying laterally to the thalamus (Gazzeniga, George, and Mangun, 2008). The basal ganglia are important subcortical structures. They are composed of five nuclei: caudate, putamen, globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, and substantia nigra. These nuclei are not thought of a single anatomical entity; rather, they form a functional unity whose contribution is greatly to motor control. Interestingly, this system does not influence movement through spinal cord pathways, but rather acts as part of a feedback loop to all areas of the cerebral cortex, with primary input into motor areas (Aird, 2000). A number of excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters are what control this whole process, and a balance of both is required to ensure that smooth, purposeful movement takes place. In order to understand the pathways of which the basal ganglia take part in, it is essential to know the input and output connections of the basal ganglia. The input