Pan Troglodytes Research Paper

“Animals are important in research precisely because they have complex body systems that react and interact with stimuli much as humans do” (AMA 61). This quote directly correlates with some of the common household pets, which are considered important resources for biomedical and behavioral research. One clear example of an invaluable household pet used in biomedical research are dogs. Dogs are used for many types of research mainly because they have the same relative size of organs when compared to humans. “The first successful kidney transplant was performed in a dog and techniques used to save the lives of ‘blue babies,’ and babies with structural defects in their hearts, were developed with dogs. Open heart surgical techniques, coronary bypass surgery and heart transplantation were all developed using dogs” (AMA 61).

According to my observation, even though Chimpanzee, and Gorilla are similar, they differ in many other ways when we go deeper in physical, and behavioral traits. However, both species also share the majority part of their DNA with Humans. Based on some reliable researches, some scientists realized that humans did not come from apes but instead shared common ancestors. As a matter of fact, humans and Primates are different, but share most of their genome, explaining why we found some similar patterns of behavior among humans, and

The Human Genome Project is a worldwide research effort with the goal of analyzing the structure of human DNA and determining the location of the estimated 100,000 human genes. In parallel with this effort, the DNA of a set of model organisms will be studied to provide the comparative information necessary for understanding the

DNA contains the information that builds our bodies from a single fertilized egg. Cellular diversity gives rise to our tissues and organs, with distinct shapes and functions. Yet, all cells in our body contain exactly the same DNA. The resolution to this apparent paradox lies in the fact that different pieces of DNA are turned on in every cell, and these pieces are called genes. When a gene is turned on, It makes a protein that affects what the cell looks like and how it behaves. Our bodies are a composition of individual genes turning on and off inside each cell during our development. We use this information about gene “switches” to compare the activity of different genes, with the end goal of assessing what kinds of changes are involved in the origin of new organs. For limbs, we catalogue the genetic differences between fins and mammalian limbs. Then, we study the function of these genes in embryos and do experiments to manipulate genes, mutate specimens, and observe the responses to these changes. Each gene has a distinctive sequence, and using molecular tools, researches can scan another species’ DNA for identical sequences. It turns out that the DNA “recipe” to build upper arms, forearms, wrists, and digits is identical in every creature that has

Embryological Evidence – similarities in early embryos can indicate they came from a common ancestor.

Genetics can help answer questions about our traits and why we look different and advance in different ways from each other in the world. Chapter 1 explains the basics about how genes work, and the portrayal of DNA and RNA. Chapter 2 describes RNA more in detail and it consist of the explanation of the human genome. Specifically, Chapter 3 clarifies how evolution works and how it relates to genetic and medical research. Furthermore, Chapter 4 and 5 explains the knowledge researchers have about genes role in health and diseases, and how society is affected with the advances in medicine and science given approximate credit to these researchers.

As well as this, certain blood proteins are found in a number of species. When genetic code (DNA and RNA) is used by a cell, it builds amino acids in a sequence, which forms protein. Chemical tests can determine whether one species has the similar blood proteins to another, thus showing evidence of evolutionary relationships. Organisms with a common ancestor have a close number of amino acid sequences in common. For example, chimpanzees and humans have no difference in their amino acid protein count in their haemoglobin – evidence for a common ancestor.

The fossil record is the history of life, as documented by fossils. The fossil record can show us so many things, from the history of how homosapiens evolved into what were are today to how whales were once furry, four-legged land animals. The fact that we share roughly 50 percent of our DNA with a banana is pretty astounding, but if you were to follow our family tree back far enough, you would find that every single one of us, human or not, share a common ancestor. Yes, it is pretty hard to believe but it makes sense if you really think about it. If we have 98% of the same genes as chimpanzees, 80% of similar genes as cows, and 60% of similar genes as a fruit

In fact, our own immune system is 98% identical to mouse’s immune system. (Healthcentral.com) Because human beings and animals are so biologically similar, it makes sense to test them as opposed to testing other human beings. In 2011, a poll conducted by the science journal Nature found that 90% of 1,000 biomedical scientists agreed that animals being used in research are essential to promote safe and breakthrough cures. For instance, animal research has been essential for the development of Heceptin and Tamoxiflen, two medicines that have saved thousands of men and women with breast cancer. (Amprogress.org) Lung cancer is another leading cause of death in the United States. In this case, mice were used to help progress research because of how similar their lungs are to human beings’. (Amprogress.org) Furthermore, it can be said that animal research leads to medical progress.

The biological findings of Charles Darwin contributed to revolutionizing modern understanding of evolution and genetics through the comparison of biodiversity and the trending similarities and differences among members of shared lineage. Darwin's observation of how the environment impacted the evolution of species as they adapted to their surroundings led to the understanding of how new environments may influence new divergent characteristics between members of shared ancestry. This scientific study on heredity contributed to a universal understanding of genes, alleles, chromosomes, and the recombination they incur during reproduction. But what

Mice and humans are very similar. For example they have similar organs, bone structure, and they are both mammals. Mice have similar organs such as the stomach, liver, heart and many others that make it a good model organism. The bone structure of both include a vertebrate, legs, and even arm. Also as both are warm blooded, have body fur, and they breath so another similarity is that they are both mammals.

The focus on genes as the primary mode of biological explanation has been especially clear in the marketing of the Human Genome Project. In support of this project, Robert L. Sinsheimer, biologist and former chancellor at the University of

Animals commonly used in medical research are rats and chimpanzees. Over time these species have proven to be plentiful and they have exhibited the ability to sustain the various testing

This experiment looks at the relationship between genes, generations of a population and if genes are carried from one generation to another. By studying Drosophila melanogaster, starting with a parent group we crossed a variety of flies and observe the characteristics of the F1 generation. We then concluded that sex-linked genes and autosomal genes could indeed be traced through from the parent generation to the F1 generation.

Offspring differ somewhat from their parents and from one another. Instructions for development are passed from parents to offspring in thousands of discrete genes, each of which is now known to be a segment of a molecule of DNA. This essay will explore some of the reasons behind how and why these differences in appearance arise, from the base sequence of DNA through to the observed phenotype.