Pancreas Research Paper

The common bile duct originates in the liver and the gallbladder and produces another important digestive juice called bile. The pancreatic juices and bile that are released into the duodenum, help the body to digest fats, carbohydrates, and proteins. Endocrine Function: The endocrine component of the pancreas consists of islet cells that create and release important hormones directly into the bloodstream. Two of the main pancreatic hormones are insulin, which acts to lower blood sugar, and glucagon, which acts to raise blood sugar. Maintaining proper blood sugar levels is crucial to the functioning of key organs including the brain, liver, and kidneys.

The hypothalamus will send a signal to the pancreas to release glucagon, the hormone responsible for increasing glucose, to the blood. After glucagon enters the blood it will go to the target cell to bind to the receptor. After it reaches the receptor, glucagon stimulates the breakdown of glycogen, which will then secrete glucose to the blood thus increasing the blood glucose levels. This is an example of positive feedback. Once the receptors in blood detect that the glucose in the blood is increasing, the target cells will then send a signal to the to stop the stimulation of glucagon. This is called negative

The pancreas is a retroperitoneal organ that secretes juices that help break down food, and hormones that help control blood sugar levels. There are numerous diseases that are associated with the pancreas including acute and chronic pancreatitis, diabetes mellitus, and pancreatic cancer. Pancreatic disease is most commonly found through computed tomography (CT), ultrasound, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

The hormone which is made by the pancreas is said to be insulin that permits the body to utilize sugar from carbohydrates and its maintain energy for future use. Insulin mainly helps to maintain the sugar level in blood from getting high to low. The cells in the body require energy which can get from sugar and it cannot go directly into the cells. After eating the food, blood sugar level increases that time the cells in the pancreas will give signal to release insulin in the blood stream. Insulin after attaches to and the cell in signal will absorb sugar in the bloodstream. Insulin is termed as key which open the cell to allow the sugar into the cell and it can be used for energy.

Glucagon is the other hormone produced by the Islets of Langerhans. This hormone is produced by the alpha cells in the islets, which detect when blood sugar levels are too low (around 70 mg/dL) and respond by releasing glucagon. Glucagon stimulates the breakdown of stored glycogen into glucose through a process called glycogenolysis, and releases the glucose back into the bloodstream, thus raising blood sugar levels to a higher concentration. As blood glucose levels return to its equilibrium, the concentration of glucagon lowers until the time when glucose levels rise again. In reaction to this, insulin levels rise and fall with the levels of blood glucose concentration.

These levels of blood sugar are tightly controlled by a pair of hormones produced by the islet cells of the pancreas; insulin and glucagon. These hormones serve to keep the blood glucose level at a normal range of 70mg/dl and 110mg/dl. Insulin is secreted by the beta cells of the pancreas at high levels usually in response to elevated blood sugar levels which occurs after a meal. Insulin when secreted causes the fat cells to take up glucose from the blood thereby reducing the blood sugar levels to normal range. In the event of a drop below normal range in the blood sugar levels, the alpha cells of the pancreas secrete glucagon which causes the liver to release some of the stored glucose from its cells into the blood stream thereby returning the low blood sugar level to normal range. This tight control of the blood sugar level by the pancreas prevents excessive high or low blood sugar for extensive periods of time. If for any reason, this control is lost by the beta cells of the pancreas, insulin becomes unable to function correctly which leads to high blood sugar levels for extensive periods of time; a condition known as Diabetes

While digestion occurs, carbohydrate rich food is converted into glucose. A large portion of this converted glucose goes into the bloodstream, causing blood glucose levels to rise. The pancreas is signaled to produce insulin because of the increased blood glucose. Cells are informed to absorb glucose from the bloodstream by insulin. A decrease in the blood glucose levels begins as the glucose moves into cells. Certain cells use this glucose as energy, but other cells, such as those in the muscles and liver, store the excess glucose; which is a substance known as glycogen. After eating, when the glucose levels in the blood begin to decrease, it triggers the pancreas to produce glucagon. This hormone produced signals the muscle and liver cells to change the glycogen back into needed glucose. Other cells need to use the glucose for energy, so it is released back into the bloodstream

Insulin is produced by beta cells in pancreas. It is a hormone that helps our body to use glucose as energy. After food consumption, carbohydrates will be broken down into glucose. Insulin helps the cells in our body to absorb the glucose from the bloodstream to use it as energy. Furthermore, insulin can also help to balance our blood glucose level. Insulin signals the liver to convert glucose into glycogen to store it when the blood glucose level is high. The stored glucose will only be released when the blood glucose level is low.

The pancreas produces the hormones insulin and glucagon. These help to maintain the correct level of blood-glucose. Small masses of special cells called islets of Langeryhans produce them, which are spread throughout the pancreas. Pancreatic juice in continually being produced but the production increases when there is food there. The pancreatic juice is an alkaline as it contains sodium bicarbonate which lowers how acid from the food. The pancreatic juice also contains the enzymes trypsinogen which is an inactive substance produced in the pancreas then the digestive enzyme trypsin is made in the duodenum and chymotrypsinogen which is the inactive form of chymotrypsin. Chymotrypsinogen gets changed into chymotrypsin by an enzyme called trypsin. When they are in the forms trypsin and chymotrypsin they break down protein into smaller pieces. There are also other enzymes in the pancreatic juice called carboxypeptidase and aminopeptidase convert the small protein pieces into amino acid. As well as that in the pancreatic juice also contains amylase which is a different enzyme that makes maltose by breaking down starch.

Two of the main pancreatic hormones are insulin, which acts to lower blood sugar, and glucagon, which acts to raise blood sugar. Maintaining proper blood sugar levels is crucial to the functioning of key organs including the brain, liver, and kidneys. (Columbia, 2015)

The pancreas has two essential functions in digestion. These functions include the production of enzymes to digest food and production of certain hormones that control blood sugar. The pancreas has exocrine functions that are in relation to digestion. The exocrine cells produce enzymes that help with the digestion of food we eat. These enzymes are lipase, protease, and amylase. Lipase works the bile that is produced by the liver to break down fat. Protease breaks down proteins in your diet and helps protect us from germs that may develop in your intestines. Amylase breaks down starches into sugar which your body uses for energy. (The Digestive Process, n.d.) These enzymes go through the pancreas into the intestine through a tube commonly known as the pancreatic duct. The hormones that the pancreas secretes is insulin and glucagon. These two hormones help regulate and control blood sugar. If a

The endocrine system, along with the nervous system, functions in the arrangement of the bodies activities. The nervous system undertakes electrical inclination and neurotransmitters to cause muscle contraction. The endocrine system operates through chemical messages called hormones. Hormones can influence development, growth and metabolic movements. The pancreas is a gland that is found in between the abdomen, stomach and the spine. The liver, intestine, and other organs surround the pancreas. The pancreas is about 6 inches long. The biggest part of the pancreas is the head, the middle section is the body, and the thinnest part is the tail. The pancreas is an organ in the upper abdomen. Functioning as an exocrine gland. The pancreas excretes enzymes to break down the

In the pancreas, there are specialized cells that form small islands of cells, called "islets of Langerhans," that are alpha cells and beta cells. In these endocrine cells, they release pancreatic hormones, such as insulin and glucagon that diffuse into the bloodstream to regulate glucose levels. Beta cells secretes insulin, which regulates carbohydrate, protein, fat metabolism and storage. On the other hand, alpha cells secrete glucagon, in which it breaks down stored sugar (glycogenolysis). Without enough production of insulin, glucose remains in the blood that generates an increase levels of sugar in the blood.

Insulin is a “peptide hormone produced by beta cells in the pancreas”, (WHO, 2). In the body, insulin promotes the usage of glucose

The main function of the pancreas is maintaining blood glucose levels to about 70-150 milligrams per decilitre. The pancreas does this by measuring if the blood sugar level is too high or low, if it is not the correct level then a hormone is released. If the blood sugar level is too high insulin is released from the beta cells and causes glucose to enter body cells to be used for energy but sometimes can stimulate glucose to turn to glycogen in the liver. However, if it is too low then glucogen is released into the blood which causes the stored glycogen in the liver to break down