Pap Smear Case Study

This means there are problems with the Pap smear, as it doesn’t always recognise pre-cancerous cells at an early stage. Especially if they might have missed a cervical screening in between. In addition, some pre-cancerous cells may not be picked up until three or four tests later.

When you are 30–65 years old, you should have a Pap test and HPV test every 5 years or a Pap test every 3 years.

Wysocki, 2015 estimated that half of all people in the United States will have contracted a sexually transmitted disease in their lifetime. Numerous young women under age 25 haven’t been screened and are asymptotic. Infections impact individuals of all economic levels and backgrounds. Three sexually transmitted diseases are required to be reported by physicians to public health officials. These three are syphilis, gonorrhea and chlamydia. African American and Latinos have barriers which increase rates of sexually transmitted diseases (Sutton, 2012).

Early detection of breast and cervical cancer reduced the burden of disease in women. The practices of Screening shown reduce the level of mortality and improve quality of life. The Every Woman Matters (EWM)stared in 1992 it is a federally-funded program designed to remove barrier to early screening by providing awareness and make screening more financially accessible to woman who have limited or no health insurance. The eligible women receive pay for office visits with associated clinical breast examination, pelvic examination, Papanicolaou smear test, and lab fees (Backer et al., 2004). Age-appropriate mammography and limited number of diagnostic test is also covered under program. In this paper I will

The U.S. Preventative Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommends cervical cancer screening with cytology testing (also known as a Pap Smear) every three years in women ages 21 to 65 (U.S. Preventative Services Task Force [USPSTF], 2016a). The USPSTF has graded this recommendation with an “A” indicating that they have a high level of certainty that the screening will prove to be beneficial, rather than harmful to the patient (USPSTF, 2016a). However, if this patient would prefer to receive cervical cancer screening every five years, the USPSTF also has a high level of certainty that this will prove to beneficial rather than harmful if human papillomavirus (HPV) and cytology are both performed during this screening (USPSTF, 2016a). The

Over one million cases of Chlamydia were reported to the CDC in 2013. Despite this large number of reports it actually was a decrease by 1.5% since 2012 (CDC, 2014). Epidemiology statistics showed an increase in reported syphilis, including congenital. Other sexually transmitted diseases can pose higher risks for acquiring HIV. According to new studies, HIV is growing faster in populations that are over 50 versus 40 years and younger (BenRose, 2014). Factors may play a role in this such as higher divorce rates, new medications, and safe sex measures. Therefore, it is important for the healthcare provider screen for sexual activity and any change in sexual partners to provide routine testing when necessary and education on preventive

HPV is so common in the United States that nearly all men and women will contract the virus at some point during life (Center for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2017). In the United States, in 2008, it is reported that 3.2 million, or one in four adolescent women, ages 14 to 19 have had or have an STD (Kostas-Polston et al., 2012). The rate of HPV cases has only increased since 2008. The prevalence of a genital infection with any HPV type was 42.5% among United States during 2013–2014 (CDC, 2017). The incidence of HPV in the United States is about 14 million people each year.

Cervical cancer is one of the highly popular disease for the women. Different programmes has been made up to fight against this deadly disease. New Zealand has one of the best screening programmes in the world. The establishment of National Cervical Cancer Screening Programme in NZ in 1990 had reduced a significant number of 60% of women who develop cervical cancer and who die from it since it was built. More than 1 million New Zealander women are enrolled in this programme and 95 % are eligible. The Cervical Cancer screening programme aims to; informing women about the importance of having the cervical screening tests; promoting cervical screening tests on a regular basis to women aged 20–70; ensuring high-quality and culturally appropriate services; supporting women with abnormal tests; ensuring there is regular monitoring to see that the goals of the programme are being met. The NCSP also acknowledges the importance of the Treaty of Waitangi in providing a screening programme that is successful for all New Zealand women.

Receiving a cervical screening every three years is more cost effective. A cervical screening every three years can save the patient and insurance companies money, but if the patient has insurance the cost will not affect them. The majority of insurance companies now cover preventative care appointments. Therefore, patients do not have to pay out of pocket for the appointment. Patients also have to consider the changes that can occur during the years they do not visit their doctor and some symptoms and problems can go undiagnosed. These undiagnosed problems can contribute to paying additional money to cure the problem when it could have been avoided with a yearly cervical

Among the many arguments for mandatory HPV vaccination, the foremost is that it is an important medical achievement and a major public health milestone. This vaccine has proven to be one-hundred percent effective in preventing the 4 HPV strains that are responsible for seventy percent of cervical cancers and ninety percent of genital warts. In addition, no serious side effects have been identified. Because this vaccine is a preventive measure, administration before onset of sexual activity is ideal; however, even females who have been sexually active can still benefit from this vaccination (Perkins et al., 2010). Nationally and internationally, the HPV vaccine will significantly reduce disease burden by reducing monetary and psychological costs of invasive procedures that remove precancerous and cancerous lesions. By combining vaccination with routine Pap smear screening, these public health efforts have the remarkable opportunity to eradicate cervical cancer (Ramet et al., 2011).

     The Boston Women’s Health Collective has estimated that 40% of all women tested will have at least one abnormal pap smear within their lifetime. Therefore it is recommended that women of all ages receive annual pap smears to find any pre-cancerous changes before they become invasive. (624).

Studies show that the national average for an adolescent’s first sexual intercourse encounter is seventeen years old. Despite this number being very close to the average age in other industrialized countries, the United States holds a higher percentage of teenage pregnancy and sexually transmitted disease (STD) contraction than those countries (Harper et al, 2010, p. 125). It’s becoming evident that while a majority of the nation’s youth is sexually active, they are not doing so with the appropriate knowledge to keep themselves and others healthy.

The night before the clinical, I have tried my best to learn as much as I can about the nurse’s role in the care of pediatric patient in a public health setting; immunization, patient interaction, and patient education. So, after learning that I would spend most of my day at the women’s health clinic, particularly at the sexually transmittable disease unit, I was disappointed. However, as the day went along and after observing the first patient testing procedure, this clinical assignment does not seem so bad after all. I have observed four different sexually transmitted disease cases, each one different from the other, but every patient seemed to have similarities in terms of their risks taking behaviors. Indeed, it was interesting to note that some patient are repeatedly seen at the clinic, without any alteration to that kind of behavior. Moreover, the patient seen at the clinic that day, coming from a very diverse demographic, engaging in activities that detrimental

Conclusion: The lack of HPV screening methods in men puts them at higher risk for contracting HPV and transmitting it to their partners. The studies showed that men carried the high risk type HPV which are associated with over 80% of anal cancer, also genital warts, oropharyngeal cancer and aides in the development of cervical dysplasia in

Cervical cancer screening is a preventive measure – it is testing of all women at risk of cervical cancer from who most will be asymptomatic. According to EU recommendations the screening should start at the age of 20 to 30 years and be extended up to 60 to 65 years with a 3- or 5-year screening interval (17). There are two types of screening programs – organized and opportunistic. The organized screening involves an explicit policy with specified age categories, method, and interval for screening; a defined target population; a management team responsible for implementation; a health care team for decisions and care; a quality assurance structure; and a method for identifying cancer occurrence in the population (18).