Pap Test Research Paper

Human-papillomavirus (HPV) DNA testing has been proposed as an alternative to primary cervical cancer screening using cytological testing. Review of the evidence shows that available data are conflicting for

have had a cervical smear test in the past 5 years. Half of the women

Getting a cervical cancer screening with a Pap Smear can enable a practitioner to detect early signs of cervical cancer by allowing identification of precancerous lesions (USPSTF, 2016a). Early detection can decrease the incidence of cervical cancer and, ultimately, reduce mortality rates related to cervical cancer (USPSTF, 2016a).

If the Pap smear test results reveal abnormal cell changes, a physician will recommend for a women to undergo a colposcopy. A colposcopy is a procedure where a physician washes the cervix with a diluted vinegar solution and uses a microscope-like tool known as a colposcope to have a magnified view of the surface of the vagina and cervix. If the physician sees any abnormal areas, such as lesions on the cervix, then tissue samples are taken for examination under a microscope. Other than the Pap smear, a pelvic exam may be performed. In a pelvic exam, the vagina, along with adjacent organs, is examined visually and manually. A speculum, and instrument that separates tissue, is inserted into the vagina for visual examination. After, the organs are felt with the fingers by inserting one hand in the vagina, and putting the other hand on the abdomen to feel for any abnormalities. If invasive cervical cancer is suspected, or if the colposcopy and the Pap smear have different results, then other tests may be conducted. One test that may be performed is a cone biopsy. In a cone biopsy, a larger, cone shaped sample of cervical tissue is taken and examined for cancer cells. Another test that may be performed is endocervical curettage. During this procedure, the lining of the cervix is scraped and examined for cancer cells. Once a diagnosis of cervical cancer is made, then the

Angel dust, PeaCe pills, super grass, and zoom are all street names for Phencyclidine, or PCP for short. If PCP is mixed with marijuana, it is known as dust blunt, happy sticks, or dippers. If PCP is mixed with ecstasy, or also known as MDMA, then it is called elephant flipping or Pikachu. Only the history of PCP can tell us where some of these exotic names for this drug came from. PCP was originally developed as an anesthetic for human in the 1950’s and eventually made its way to become a tranquilizer in veterinarian medicine (Rudgley, 1998. Karch, 1998). Eventually in 1965, the legal use of this drug was ended due to severe side effects to the user. Despite the fact that PCP became illegal, Clandestine laboratories manufactured and sold this drug in a pill form, which gave way to one of its strange name known as the PeaCe Pill (Karch, 1998). A clandestine laboratory is an illegally run operation usually by gangs to manufacture illegal drugs. By 1978 the drug became widely popular due to these illegal laboratories and

This means there are problems with the Pap smear, as it doesn’t always recognise pre-cancerous cells at an early stage. Especially if they might have missed a cervical screening in between. In addition, some pre-cancerous cells may not be picked up until three or four tests later.

Cervical Cancer Early Detection Program Journal of Women’s Health 20(10):1479-84 doi: 10.1089/jwh.2010.2530. Epub 2011 Jul 20

A pap test is better known as a “pap smear” and it checks for cervical cancer. During a pap smear the physician collects a sample of cells from a woman’s cervix. Then the cells are placed on a microscope and examined for abnormalities that could be an indication of cervical cancer. A breast exam is done by a physician when a physician feels a person’s breast and underarm area to search for any abnormalities that could be an indication of breast cancer. Early detection of either cancer provides a higher survival rate. Planned Parenthood works with women with and without insurance to ensure they get the testing and care they

Prophylactic vaccination against high risk human papilloma virus 16 and 18 represents an exciting means of protection against HPV related malignancy. However, this strategy alone, even if there is a level of cross protection against other oncogenic viruses, cannot completely prevent cervical cancer. In some countries cervical screening programs have reduced the incidence of invasive cervical cancer by up to 80 percent although this decline has now reached a plateau with current cancers occurring in patients who have failed to attend for screening or where the sensitivity of the tests have proved inadequate. Cervical screening is inevitably associated with significant anxiety for the many women who require investigation and treatment following abnormal cervical cytology. However, it is vitally important to stress the need for continued cervical screening to complement vaccination in order to optimize prevention in vaccines and prevent cervical cancer in older women where the value of vaccination is currently unclear. It is likely that vaccination will ultimately change the natural history of HPV disease by reducing the influence of the highly oncogenic types HPV 16 and 18. In the long term this is likely to lead to an increase in recommended screening intervals. HPV vaccination may also reduce

For most women, a Pap smear is not a pleasant procedure. However, recent guidelines have changed and the once dreaded yearly exam is no longer required.In fact, if you are between the ages of thirty to sixty-five you can now wait every three to five years.

According to the CDC, if the test results are normal from both the Pap test and HPV test, the chance of getting cervical cancer in the next few years is very low. The doctor may even recommend to the patient that she may wait as long as five years before her next screening. But she should still go to the doctor regularly for a checkup. For women age 21-65 it is important for them to get regular Pap test as directed by their doctor, even if they feel like they are too old to have a child or not having sex anymore. Women over the age of 65 may not have to get a pap test anymore, if they have had a normal Pap test result for several years, or had their cervix removed as part of a total hysterectomy for non-cancerous

Recently, the American Medical Association changed its recommendations on the frequency of pap-smear exams for women. The new frequency recommendation was designed to address the family histories of the patients. The optimal frequency should be where the marginal benefit of an additional pap-test:

Cervical screening test are available in different area depending on choice of who will take the smear. This can be done by a local doctor or a nurse practitioner, family planning, any sexual health services, marae-based or other Maori health centres and community health service for Pacific or women’s health centre.

Preeclampsia is a condition that occurs only during pregnancy. Some symptoms of preeclampsia may include high blood pressure and protein in the urine, occurring after week 20 of pregnancy. Preeclampsia is often precluded by gestational hypertension. While high blood pressure during pregnancy does not necessarily indicate preeclampsia, it may be a sign of another problem. Preeclampsia affects at least 3-5% of pregnancies. If undiagnosed, preeclampsia can lead to eclampsia, a serious condition that can put pregnant women and their baby at risk, and in rare cases, cause death. Women with preeclampsia who have seizures are considered to have eclampsia. The exact causes of preeclampsia and eclampsia a result of a placenta that doesn't function properly

Three separate randomized controlled trials for cervical screening have been conducted among Indian women of the