Paper Chromatography Lab Report

Background: Paper chromatography is one method for testing the purity of compounds and identifying substances. Paper chromatography is a useful technique because it is relatively quick and requires small quantities of material.

Three paper towels A, B, and C where tested on absorbency. This experiment was tested twice. Paper towel A was 26.5 by 28 centimeters. Paper towel B was 26.5 by 28 centimeters. Paper towel C was 15 by 28 centimeters. Scissors were obtained and each paper towel was cut to 13.5 by 15 centimeters. The weight of the three paper towels at this size was 0.9 grams dry for paper towel A, paper towel B weighed 0.8 grams dry, and paper towel C weighed 1.2 grams. Three beakers weighing 12.2 grams each were obtained. Each beaker was filled with 100ml of water with the outcome of them weighing 128.1 grams each. The weight of each paper towel dry was deducted from the weight of each paper towel. Paper towel A was left to soak for seven seconds.

The mole is a convenient unit for analyzing chemical reactions. Avogadro’s number is equal to the mole. The mass of a mole of any compound or element is the mass in grams that corresponds to the molecular formula, also known as the atomic mass. In this experiment, you will observe the reaction of iron nails with a solution of copper (II) chloride and determine the number of moles involved in the reaction. You will determine the number of moles of copper produced in the reaction of iron and copper (II) chloride, determine the number of moles of iron used up in the reaction of iron and copper (II) chloride, determine the ratio of moles of iron to moles of copper, and determine the number of atoms and formula units involved in

1. Paper Chromatography is a method used for the separation of colors which are also referred to as colored chemicals/substances or pigments. This method is used for experiments, to identify coloring agents and to separate out a compound into its various components.

Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) works in relation to the polarity of chemicals. A plate is first covered with aluminum foil or silica etc. and has solutions of varying polarities placed upon the aluminum foil or silica. When placed in a in a puddle of solvent that moves up the plate, the different inks i.e. the solution will move up the place based on their Rf values. Adherence increases with increasing polarity, so the less polar compounds will be carried farther by the solvent. Eventually the dyes will separate into their compontnets, which can be visibly seen. This is then used to determine who the ink of the unsigned note belonged to along with the pen that it belonged

The experimental procedures for Lab 2 were provided on Blackboard labelled as “Pre-Lab 2: Techniques & Measurement”.

Data were collected in September and November 2017 at the Elk Valley Preserve and Field Station in Banner Elk, NC. The preserve is located at 36°10'17.2"N 81°54'45.9"W, in Avery County in western North Carolina. The area is a mixed deciduous forest at an altitude of 1,127 m above sea level. Data were collected in early fall, during which temperatures average around 10-18 degrees Celsius. Summers in Banner Elk are typically mild, with temperatures averaging 21 degrees Celsius, and winters are cold and snowy, averaging near zero degrees Celsius. During the months of September and November there is an overall average precipitation of 12-25cm.

In this investigation, we are trying to find how far each of the dye traveled on the chromatography paper. In the solvent with the blue dye, the solvent traveled 97mm and the blue dye traveled 81mm. In the solvent with the yellow dye, the solvent traveled 97mm and the yellow dye traveled 70mm. The percent error of the solvent front is 5.8%. The percent error of the distance traveled by the blue dye is 16%. The percent error of the distance traveled by the yellow dye is 26%. The percent error of the retardation factor of the blue dye is 11%.

Chromatography is a separation technique in which the mixture to be separated is dissolved in a solvent and the resulting solution, often called the mobile phase, is then passed through or over another material, the stationary phase. The separation of the original mixture depends on how strongly each component is attracted to the stationary phase. Substances that are attracted strongly to the stationary phase will be retarded and not move alone with the mobile phase. Weakly attracted substances will move more rapidly with the mobile phase.

Chromatography paper is used to separate mixtures and substances into different groups. In paper chromatography a mixture is dissolved and moves with water up a piece of paper. This mixture separates because the different colors(components) move up the paper at different speeds. You use chromatography paper to find different dyes in pens like a sharpie or a marker.

After wearing the gloves we obtained a chromatography vial from professor and label it with my and my peer initials. We dried up the chromatography vial in fume hood and added 1 ml of chromatography solvent to the vial. Then we took a chromatography strip and measure it 1.5 cm with ruler from one end of the strip and drew a line with pencil we cut two small pieces below the pencil line to form a pointed end. We applied spinach on the strip using quarter to rub the spinach leaf on the line that we drew on the strip and put it into the chromatography vial and placed that in fume hood. We observed as the solvent was moving up the chromatography strip by capillary action. When the solvent was reached approximately 1 cm from the top of the strip then we removed the cap from the vial. We took out the strip from the vial using forceps and marked up the location of the solvent front because it evaporates quickly. We measure out the distance as well as the pigment in order to find out the rf value. Moreover we compared rf values to the one in reference list in order to identify the

The following procedure dealt with a chromatogram. The materials needed are: a pencil, safety goggles, scissors, chromatography paper strip, capillary tube, spinach plant pigment extract, test tube, cork stopper, graduated cylinder, chromatography solvent (alternative isopropyl alcohol), metric ruler, stopwatch or clock with a secondhand, hook/fashioned paperclip, paper towels, test tube rack, and mortar and pestle. First we obtained a strip of chromatography paper and cut it so it would fit inside a test tube (with it barely touching the bottom of the tube). Also, when touching the strip, touch the sides only. Then we attached (firmly) the top of the strip to a hook (or fashioned paperclip at bottom of the cork stopper). Make sure it fits in the test tube. Next we used the pencil to draw a faint line across the strip two centimeters from the bottom tip of the strip. We placed the cork and strip in place, and we put a mark on the test tube one centimeter below the top of the stopper.

Chromatography is a process commonly used to separate substances in accordance to their differential distribution between what is referred to as a stationary phase and a moving or ‘mobile phase’. There are a variety of different types of chromatography some include; paper chromatography, gas chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography.

As the solvent moves past the spotted mixture, two opposing forces created by the solvent and the adsorbent influence the mixture. Each component can either dissolve in the mobile solvent or remain adsorbed to the stationary adsorbent. This process generates an equilibrium, as some components are adsorbed and others are dissolved and transported with the solvent until they are readsorbed further along the plate. The different tendencies of each component to comply with the subjected forces may result in a successfully separated mixture on the plate.

Gel-Filtration Chromatography is a commonly used method used in order purify a protein from a mixture, by means of separations. Different biomolecules differ in size, or their molecular weight. In the gel matrix inside the chromatography column, there are gel beads which are porous to allow certain sized molecules to enter. The molecules that are able to enter the pores of the gel, are held in stationary phase and will elute from the column later on, these are usually smaller, to medium sized molecules. Larger molecules that are not able to fit in the pores will elute out of the column first, they are involved in mobile phase where they just go straight through the column without interacting with the gel beads. Smaller molecules will have a higher elution volume, while the larger molecules will have a lower elution volume. The volume to elute the protein is inversely proportional to the molecules size.