Paper On Antibiotic Resistance

When antibiotic is used most of the bacteria die but a few bacteria with antibiotic resistance gene survive and reproduce and pass this advantage to their offsprings. This selective pressure exists naturally, however antibiotic misuse can be accused for fastening the spread of the antibiotic resistance gene [Refer to figure 2] (Learn Genetics 2015). Consequently, inappropriate antibiotic intake will lead to a greater chance of superbugs being developed. Antibiotic resistance can be defined as a new ability which a bacterium has developed to stay unattached in the presence of an antibiotic that was previously effective to destroy the bacterium (ABC science 2015). Four key mechanisms that has been identified for bacterial antibiotic resistance can be listed as: producing enzymes that inhibit the functionality of the drug, reducing the effectiveness of the drug by producing targets against which the antibiotic, reducing the permeability of the drug into the bacterium and active export of antibiotics using various pumps (Pogson 2012). All these mechanisms can be developed by any of the bacteria when the corresponding mutated gene of antibacterial resistance is received. The genes code for specific proteins, and variation in the gene leads to alteration of the shape of proteins. This leads to changing the functionality

Also known as superbugs, these bugs are resistant to our modern day antibiotics. People around the world are trying to figure out alternatives to this plague. These bugs have evolved over years and years becoming stronger and passing down genes from generation to generation, To slowly become the super bugs that they are known as today. Often these resistant genes are caused by overuse of antibiotics by humans and farm animals, but this is not always true. Recently the ARS (the American Recorder Society) found antibiotic resistance in prairie soils that had no human contact. Antibiotic resistance is commonly viewed as a result of antibiotic overuse in humans and animals, Recently found antibiotic-resistant

Studies show that twenty-three thousand out of two million with infection dies because antibiotic resistance(Center for Disease Control). What exactly is antibiotic resistance and how did bacterias become resistant

The war against bacteria and their ability to evolve at a much faster rate than humans can create antibiotics (a medicine that hinders and disrupts bacterial growth and or destroys it) to fight against them has the human race at a disadvantage. With more and more bacteria being found to have strains of drug-resistant chains is creating a health crisis around the world as global health officials try to find a way to protect their populations against this up and coming threat, and the issues it poses for the future of medicine and treatment of infections. Due to increased use of antibiotics in unneeded situations, bacteria are having more chances to let mutations that are immune to antibiotics be spread through other bacteria. This is causing more cases of antibiotic resistant bacteria and increasing the number of them. Drug resistance results in higher costs due to longer hospital pays and more expensive antibiotics, need for supervision, patient education, and new drug developments.

Antibiotic resistance is a major topic talked about today in the scientific and medical communities because of the increased rate it is occurring. Antibiotics are medicines used to treat foreign bacteria in the body. In 1928, Alexander Fleming discovered the first antibiotic, penicillin, when testing the bacteria pathogen Staphylococcus aureus; the mold in his lab was capable of killing bacteria. Taking too many antibiotics can destroy the microbes in the gut, which help fight the bacteria in the first place. When bacteria changes DNA in the cell, the newly formed bacteria infection is now resistant to the former antibiotic treatments used previously ("Facts about Antibiotic Resistance" 2016). Once the bacteria cannot be inhibited by the antibiotic,

Antibiotics have become a very important part of medicine. It is used to treat all kinds of bacteria, infections, diseases. Sadly, antibiotics have been coming to an end, they are being used more and more often everyday. They are being used so much that the bacteria they are being used to treat have been starting to become resistant to these antibiotics. Many infections that were once so easy to be treated have been gaining a stronger resistance. This is because of how the bacteria have a special enzyme that kills and eats up the antibiotics. As well as how the resistance that bacteria have can easily be passed off from one bacteria to another. This makes the resistance to antibiotics spread faster and increase rapidly. Much of the bacteria with resistance usually have it in their genes.

The evolution of resistance is clearly driven by the irrational use of antibiotics which threatens the

Humans have come to rely on antibiotics for almost every illness known to man. The use of antibiotics has saved thousands of lives. However, our reliance upon antibiotics may have to come to an end because, the bacteria that we use antibiotics on have begun to evolve. This is not a mere epidemic. These are not just localized cases. This is a prevalent change all throughout the world. I can only picture two ways to overcome this attack. One way is the reduction of antibiotic use. The other method is that we need to create new and improved antibiotics to surpass the evolved bacteria. Marcelino Campos believes that, antibiotic resistance is a serious issue in which our medical systems need to find a solution (1). Understanding why antibiotic resistance

“The Antibiotic Resistance Crisis” is an article on the National Center for Biotechology Information's website and consequently follows many of the conventions expected of an online article. Before the main body of text is even shown, the author's name is written and link to further information about the author is provided. This allows the reader to research what the author has published before and gain a better appreciation of their past work. The article itself is single-columned and divided into a a series of headings and subheadings that help organize and divide the text into smaller pieces. These pieces relate to the overall topic of how the overuse and misuse of antibiotics over the past century has led to the increasing ineffectiveness of antibiotics against various strains of bacteria. Because the article is published by a scientific organization, it is a fairly

The development of antibiotic resistant strains are on the rise especially in developing countries and are creating a crisis in the effective treatment of infections.1,5

Regular low doses of antibiotics that aren’t strong enough to destroy or kill bacteria provides a suitable environment for bacteria to develop mechanism of survival or to become resistant. The bacteria acquires ways to fight off antibiotics through hindering antibiotics from reaching their target cells .For example changing the permeability of cell walls or distorting the structure of cells or completely replacing them . So, in brief antibiotic resistance happens whenever an antibiotic losses its ability to effectively kill or control the growth of bacteria.

In the past, most infections could be treated with simple antibiotics, leading to a higher chance of recovery and increased rate of survival. Now, infections are more severe and take too many lives, something that is easily avoidable by not permitting the bacteria to become resistant to antibiotics. Another problem the world faces is that medication is not being developed quickly enough to fight antibiotic-resistant strains. According to Spellberg et al., “antibiotic development has slowed dramatically over the past 25 years” (2008, para. 13). Without the ability to develop new drugs to counteract current antibiotic-resistant bacteria, more serious strains and increased rates of infection result. This makes the simplest, most cost effective form of bacterial treatment obsolete. As a result of antibiotic-resistant bacteria multiplying quickly, this will no doubt increase the number of deaths due to infection, increase pressure for new medicine, and no doubt increase health care costs.

Take for example MRSA (Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus), a S. aureus strain that was discovered in 1961 to be resistant to the antibiotic methicillin. Webmd indicates that MRSA has now grown its resistance from methicillin to “amoxicillin, penicillin, oxacillin and many other common antibiotics” (MRSA). This increase in resistance of a methicillin-resistant strain of S. aureus can be attributed to the increasing use and overuse of antibiotics, not only in the doctor’s office but also in agriculture. MRSA is only one of many antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria. New resistant strains are evolving rapidly. According to Dr. Ed Warren, “there are high levels of antibiotic resistance in bacteria causing common infections (e.g. urinary tract infections, pneumonia, bloodstream infections) in all regions of the world” (21).

Even though some uses of antibiotics are highly regulated and carefully considered, they can still play a role in resistance. Prophylactic antibiotics make life saving procedures, such as surgeries, chemotherapy and organ transplants, possible (Laxminarayan

Each year in the United States, at least 2 million people become infected with bacteria that are resistant to antibiotics and at least 23,000 people die each year as a direct result of these infections (“About”). Bacteria have started to develop resistance so quickly, that pharmaceutical companies have decided to stop spending their time and money on the discovery of new antibiotics. Infections are gradually making their way around the world, and for every 100 antibiotics currently available, two drugs might work with side effects, or none (McKenna).