Paper On Pain Management

1. It is important that we take into consideration, areas other than physical pain and have an holistic approach. Pain is whatever the person who is suffering it feels it to be. Physical pain can be experienced as a result of disease or injury, or some other form of bodily distress. For example childbirth. Although not associated with injury or disease, but can be an extremely painful experience. Pain can also be social, emotional and spiritual as well as just physical.

The researchers focused on pain perception for Native Americans. The researchers in the article hypothesized that Native Americans are more sensitive to pain due to higher frequency of chronic pain. In the study, in order to conduct more accurate results, two ethnic groups were used. Native Americans, and non-Hispanic Whites. The ethnic groups are from the same country, however, they might have been raised within a separate subculture. The two ethnic groups were recruited through newspapers,

Research has shown that there are several organizations and active advocates who are working on pain management problems to face this public health issue. The following establishments involve: The American Academy of Pain Medicine, Institute of Medicine, and American Pain Society and many for-profit and nonprofit organizations are also working at different level towards pain management. Most specifically, the IOM has been devoted to studying pain and its consequences on individuals, the healthcare system, as well as on government (IOM, 2011).

Conceptual analysis is integral in understanding nursing theory. According to Walker and Avant (1995), concept analysis allows nursing scholars to examine the attributes or characteristics of a concept. It can be used to evaluate a nursing theory and allows for examination of concepts for relevance and fit within the theory. The phenomena of pain will be discussed in this paper and how it relates to the comfort theory.

First pain is an everyday experiences that is expressed through the use of language and is then legitimized (Waddie, 1996). If a patient as a history of depression or chronic pain they have pain every day and the concept is used to help explain their pain. As nurse we use the concept of pain to find a base line of the pain and to assess new pain. In surgical patients they may have multiple types of pain from the incision, emotional, and history. The concept educates the nurse of the different form that pain can present itself. Pain can also guide how we treat the patient. Emotional pain would not be treated with the “so know pain pills”, but with talking or listening to patient. Concept of pain also address the different form of patient and how the nurse and patient response to it. If a patient is having somatic pain from an incision the nurse could react by applying heat or ice. Pain is what the patient says it is.

C. The framework does an excellent job of stating and describing the relationships between the various concepts of interest. The framework was developed over a nine-year period of time and involves many different groups and institutions.

Gender do plays a major key role in how patient respond, but we were subjective to believe that the female norm is: emotional, weak, passive, resistant, sensitive and that male are supposed to represent masculinity, strength, tough, and non-emotional. Be that as it may, we would assume in most cases that female response to pain will be higher on the pain rating--meaning it constitute a lower threshold in pain tolerance which it equate for their gender, and vice versa with male. For this reason, in a case study in “Gender, coping and the perception of pain”, by Keogh and Herdenfeldt stated “research consistently indicates that gender differences exist in pain perception, with females typically reporting more negative responses to pain than males” (Keogh, p. 195). Even describing how male and female coping strategies are different “it also seems as if males and females use and benefit from different coping strategies when under stress; females seem to prefer emotion-focused coping, whereas males prefer sensory-focused coping” (Keogh, p. 195). So, I had to include gender difference of pain perception into my project with the respect of cultural influences of pain. Two paradox that is needed to be observe is self serving and mindful, but I was up to the

Some of the benefits of having frameworks for information security management are, that they serve as a common ground for integrating all types

Major themes associated with this study included: cancer pain, emotional pain, spiritual pain, pain management, and barriers to pain management.

In Robert Kerns article, Psychological Treatment of Chronic Pain, we examine how chronic pain has become such a problem it has become considered a public health crisis. However, this article is not just about the issue of public health concerns over chronic pain but how psychological treatment of pain is becoming more common and how things like a person’s behavior, their cognitive activities, and emotions are believed to develop and exacerbate chronic pain and pain related disability and emotional distress due to pain. Basically what this article is about is the treatment of a person’s mental view and reaction to pain and how by changing that cognitive activity, you can change the patient’s reaction to pain.

Society also depicts the masculinity is defined by strength, and that women cant handle as much. A study conducted focused on the aspect of pain tolerance in comparison to men and women conforming to the norms, believing that men are stronger; two studies were performed. The first study tested pain tolerance strictly based on using a hypothetical pain stimulus; scientists wanted to prove that people know and encourage norms on pain tolerance. The second study was done to observe knowledge about pain, and tolerance behavior. It required actual stimulus to be taken place on the participants; they experienced electrical impulses at different intensities. Results showed that high identifying men were able to handle more pain than high identifying females’ some men endured the pain because they felt obligated (Pool, G.).

The most common reason that people seek medical care is pain, and pain is the leading cause of disability (Peterson & Bredow, 2013, p. 51; National Institute of Health, 2010). Pain is such an important topic in healthcare that the United States congress “identified 2000 to 2010 as the Decade of Pain Control and Research” (Brunner L. S., et al., 2010, p. 231). Unfortunatelly, patients are reporting a small increase in satisfaction with the pain management while in the hospital (Bernhofer, 2011). Pain assessment and treatment can be complex since nurses do not have a tool to quantify it. Pain is considered the fifth vital sign, however, we do not have numbers to guide our interventions. Pain is a subjective expirience that cannot be shared easily. Since nurses spend more time with patients in pain than any other healthcare provider, nurses must have a clear understanding of the concept of pain (Brunner, et al., 2010). Concept analysis’ main objective is to clarify ideas, to enhance critical thinking, and to promote communication (Rodgers & Knafl, 2000). This paper will examine the concept of pain using Wilson’s Steps of Concept Analysis (Rodgers & Knafl, 2000).

The first study under critique is titled “Postoperative pain management experiences among school-aged children: a qualitative study” (Sng et al., 2013). The purpose of their study is to explore postoperative pain experiences among school-aged children in Singapore, where they are a culturally diverse population. They used a phenomenology design in which to explore there lived experiences. Their research sample included children who were the age of six to twelve, could verbally communicate in English or mandarin, and was post-op for at least twenty four hours. This excluded children with disabilities or chronic pain. Ethics and trustworthiness was taken into consideration and stated in their research. Limitations were stated. Multiple sub-themes emerged that discussed the different ways to relieve pain and a few methods were using cognitive-behavioral methods, pain medication, using physical methods such as massaging and repositioning, emotional support from family and nurses, and using distraction techniques such as video games. These sub-themes all fall under the main themes stated in the method section and the results of this study stated pharmacological methods were the common ones (Sng et al., 2013). For a further in-depth framework refer to appendix A.

The International Association for the Study of Pain defines pain as “an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage” (1979). Pain is actually the culprit behind warranting a visit to a physician office for many people (Besson, 1999). Notoriously unpleasant, pain could also pose a threat as both a psychological and economic burden (Phillips, 2006). Sometimes pain does happen without any damage of tissue or any likely diseased state. The reasons for such pain are poorly understood and the term used to describe such type of pain is “psychogenic pain”. Also, the loss of productivity and daily activity due to pain is also significant. Pain engulfs a trillion dollars of GDP for lost work time and disability payments (Melnikova, 2010). Untreated pain not only impacts a person suffering from pain but also impacts their whole family. A person’s quality of life is negatively impacted by pain and it diminishes their ability to concentrate, work, exercise, socialize, perform daily routines, and sleep. All of these negative impacts ultimately lead to much more severe behavioral effects such as depression, aggression, mood alterations, isolation, and loss of self-esteem, which pose a great threat to human society.

It’s seems that no matter what goes on in life, women always seem to have more on their plate, whether it is having to care for a household or working. Women go ,through the most traumatic yet rewarding pain they will ever go through, childbirth. Not everyone is cut out to endure the pain of child labor, but women have the strength to withstand it. Many men have no idea what excruciating pain women go through to deliver a baby. Labor is a very long process that strengthens the mental and physical aspects of a woman. Every women relates childbirth pain differently, whether they feel no pain to feeling the world on their shoulders. What are some benefits to controlling pain during labor? What types of ways can women reduce child labor pain? How do women normally recall childbirth pain after giving birth? These are the questions that ponder through the minds of many women.