Paraganglioma Case Study

Chordomas are cancerous tumors that occur anywhere on the spine. They grow slowly and can metastasize to other areas of the body. Other names for this disorder include CHDM, chordocarcinoma, chordoepithelioma, notochordal sarcoma, and notochordoma. Chordomas are rare and most often occur in people ages 40 to 70. Males are affected twice as often as females. About half of all chordoma cases appear at the base of the spine, while about a third occur at the base of the skull, and the rest appear in the kneck, upper back, or lower back vertebrae of the spine. Chordomas in the spine can cause the back, arms, or legs of the affected individual to feal weak or numb. Chordomas occurring at the base of the skull can cause double vision or headaches. Chordomas on the tailbone result in a large lump and can affect the function of the bladder or bowel..

Naylor J. May 1994. Equine hyperkalemic periodic paralysis: review and implications. Can Vet J. 35. 279-285.

The majority of sympathetic paragangliomas arise outside of the skull base and neck anywhere along the sympathetic chain (8). About 75 percent arise in the abdomen, most often at the junction of the inferior vena cava and left renal vein and about 10 percent arise in the thorax (9, 10). They excrete excess amounts of catecholamine (86 percent in one series) (7), usually almost always

The tumor doesn’t have a specific location of origin; therefore occurring anywhere in the body, most often staring in long bones of the legs, arms, chest, the pelvis, skull or the flat bones of the trunk. It is also common that the tumor often spreads (metastasizes) to the lungs, other bones, bone marrow, and soft tissue, such as cartilages and nerves. It is normally seen that about one-third of the children with Ewing’s sarcoma has spread through the body during the duration of the diagnosis.

Castleman 's disease is a rare condition characterized by benign, non-cancerous, growths that develop in the lymph node tissue throughout the body. With the exception of the central nervous system (CNS), lymph nodes may be found in every area of the body. Most often, these growths occur in the chest, stomach, and/or neck, but may also be found in the armpit, pelvis, and pancreas. Usually the tumors represent abnormal enlargement of the lymph nodes normally found in these areas (About Castleman Disease). The abnormal overgrowth of cells of the lymph system is similar in many ways to lymphomas, which is cancer of lymph nodes (Weerakkody, Y).

They grew to the size of a small apple or an egg, more or less, and were vulgarly called tumours. In a short space of time these tumours spread from the two parts named all over the body. Soon after this the symptoms changed and black or purple spots appeared on the arms or thighs or any other part of the body, sometimes a few large ones, sometimes many little ones. These spots were a certain sign of death, just as the original tumour had been and still remained.” (Boccaccio, 1353)

roundish balls. In reality, they are much more than that. Those 40 cells contain all the

After removal of organs, a presence of a blunt lesion hematoma type (2.0 cm x 1.5 cm) was detected in the lumbar region between L5 and L7 (Figure 1D). Organs analysis revealed the presence of severe pallor in the liver and kidneys. Other organs and structures without findings worthy of note.

In horses, there are many types of colic. Colic is related to many different illnesses and can be a symptom of a variety of diseases. The gastro-intestinal tract is where the pain originates, usually due to microflora, bacteria, microscopic algae, and fungi ("My Horse University.”). The most common types of colic are stomach, displacement, impaction, gas, spasmodic, and enteritis. The large and small intestines are a major problem area when it comes to horse colic. If the

When an animal develops typical symptoms such as cardiac, pulmonary or those of mixed form of the disease, African horse sickness should be suspected (CFSPH, 2006). The fever form of the disease can sometimes be misdiagnosed as an early febrile stage of AHS or early febrile form of any other equine disease since it is difficult to differentiate them (Coetzer and Guthrie, 2004). It is common to confuse the clinical signs and lesions of the AHS and those of equine echephalosis (Coetzer and Guthrie, 2004; Mellor and Hamblin, 2004; CFSPH, 2006). Differential diagnosis must include diseases such as equine echephalosis, viral arteritis, equine infectious anaemia, Hendra virus infection, purpura hemorrhagica, and equine piroplasmosis (CFSFP, 2006;

Craniopharyngiomas usually emerge in the infundibulo-hypophyseal axis of the sella and suprasellar region occupies the suprasellar cisterns, however may extend in any direction. The horizontal extension of the tumor may be anteriorly into the pre-chiasmatic cistern and sub-frontal space, may extend laterally into the sub-temporal space, or may extend posteriorly into the prepontine and interpeduncular cisterns, cerebellopontine angle and then to the foramen magnum. 7 However, rarely extensive tumors may extend anteriorly in the pre-chiasmatic cistern and posteriorly into the 3rd ventricle and down along the clivus. Approximately 4 % of the cases have posterior fossa extension. 2,6

Cutaneous neoplasms is a neoplastic tumour, mainly affects skin of most animals including horses and represented 50% of equine clinical reported neoplasms (Scott and Miller 2011; Buechner-Maxwell 2009 Thomas et al 1997 , Zachary and McGavin 2012 ). Usually neoplasms can affect either the ectoderm ,mesoderm and melanocytic (Zachary and McGavin 2012 ). Most of the ectodermal neoplasms of the epidermis and adnexa are benign, exception the neoplasms of apocrine glands of sweat glands and anal sac, also the surface epithelium neoplasia (squamous cell carcinoma) (Jones et al. 1997 ; Zachary and McGavin 2012). Equine cutaneous neoplasms are largely mesenchymal in origin and benign in nature and usually associated with Saddle horses (a composite

1 Department of Radiology, Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, Telangana, India-Imaging features of primary tumours of the spine:A pictorial essay.

Colic is one of the most common ailments experienced by horses and is more common in horses than any other animal. It is more common at night and is often connected with irregular feeding. This is because of the horses’ inability to vomit and unload the stomach, the small size of the stomach and the great length of the intestines, puckering of the large intestine allowing food to lodge there, the range of movement the large intestine has within the abdomen and finally, the frequency a horse is affected with internal parasites. Colic can be fatal so it is vitally important that a vet should be called if colic is suspected. Colic is a set of symptoms pointing to severe abdominal pain. True colic relates to conditions arising in the intestines

There were many tiny cells, but they were very hard to see. The cells were dark and clumped together.