Parallax Method Lab Report

This problem wasn't solved until the 1920s, when Edwin Hubble devised the first method of extragalactic distance measurement. His technique relied on stars known as Cepheid variables, whose luminosities can be easily determined by measuring their rates of pulsation. Comparing this luminosity with the stars' observed brightness allowed Hubble to estimate the distance to Cepheid stars in such galaxies, affirming their extragalactic location.

Dark matter is the idea of unseen matter in the universe that affects the gravitation and mass of varying objects, such as stars and galaxies. Dark matter is hard to see and find because unlike matter, it does not reflect or emit light. It also does not affect the electromagnetic fields in the universe (CERN 1). Dark matter can either be “hot” or “cold.” “Cold” dark matter means when the big bang occurred it was not moving fast enough to affect the formation of galaxies. Dark matter can also be “hot,” meaning it was moving fast enough to affect a galaxy’s matter (White 1).

We determined the elements and compounds of the stars by the size and mass of the star. Also where it is located in our solar system. Some stars contained many elements as many as 4 main elements. But some had as little as 2 and 3 main elements. You can tell the temperature by looking on how much energy and light the star gives off. Hotter stars have negative B-V indices, and cooler stars have lower B-V indices. HR diagrams tell you the relationship between a stars temperature and luminosity.

Overall, even though normal matter has been studied by ancient and modern scientists and philosophers, it was found that it represents only the smallest ratio of the universe. Meanwhile, the concept of the largest ratio, Dark matter and dark energy, were not introduced until the 20th century because they were invincible, hard to detect and only their effects can be seen using indirect methods. Dark matter and dark energy are similar in the sense that they cannot be observed, hard to detect, and not much is known about them. Dark matter is a matter that have its own mass and interact with gravity keeping the stars and plants in their orbits. While dark energy is an energy that create more space as time pass increasing the distance of galaxies

Even though dark matter is in existence we don’t have the instruments available to detect it yet. A theory suggests that dark matter is what actually makes up a large portion of our universe. Even though we can’t detect it, we know dark matter exists because it can interact gravitationally with visible matter and radiation. A professor from New York stated that dark matter plays a large role in causing geological catastrophes as well as mass extinction.

According to the book, "If you know a star’s temperature and luminosity, you can determine its radius" (Seeds 151). The luminosity of a star is related to its absolute magnitude, and its spectral class has a relation to the star's temperature. So, in order to estimate the size of Betelgeuse, we would need both its luminosity (in which we can substitute its absolute magnitude) and its temperature (spectral class), which we have been provided. The absolute magnitude refers to the brightness of a star "if it were 10 pc away" (Seeds 145), and the lower the number the brighter the star (and vice versa). According to the spectral sequence, which goes O, B, A, F, G, K, then M, "O stars are the hottest...M stars, the coolest" (Seeds 148), with M stars being orange/red in color.

A H-R diagram plots a star’s luminosity against its temperature or color. The vertical axis is the stars luminosity relative to the sun (1 L0 is the luminosity of our sun) and the horizontal axis plots the temperature or color of a star. The highest value of temperature is shown on the left while the lowest is on the right. Each star is plotted as a single point,

more about dark matter in unknown rather than known. we know how much dark matter there is because of its effect on the expanse of the universe, but besides that, it 's a complete mystery. but it is important we figure it out, because dark energy takes up about 68% of the universe. dark matter takes up approximately 27%,everything else, like the earth, and all of our observed universe and all normal matter, takes up less than 5% of the universe. yet even though it takes up so little of the universe we still call it "normal. dark matter is technically hypothetical since we can 't directly observe it with our telescopes, but the matter takes up the large majority of space itself. It can only be observed by its effect on visible objects in

Astronomy is a science that studies everything outside of the earth's atmosphere, such as planets, stars, asteroids, galaxies; and the properties and relationships of those spiritual bodies. Astronomers base their studies on research and observation. Astrology, on the other hand, is the belief that the positioning of the stars and planets affect the way events occur on earth. If you're interested in the solar system and the planets, other celestial objects like asteroids and comets, other galaxies and the rest of the universe, what makes up space, and the possibility of alien life or space travel, astronomy is the field you're considering. Astronomy is a natural science that studies celestial objects and phenomena. It applies mathematics, physics, and chemistry, in an effort to explain the origin of those objects and phenomena and their evolution. Objects of interest include planets, moons, stars, galaxies, and comets; while the phenomena include supernova explosions, gamma ray bursts, and cosmic microwave background radiation. More generally, all astronomical phenomena that originate outside Earth's atmosphere are within the purview of astronomy. A related but distinct subject, physical cosmology, is concerned with the study of the Universe as a whole.

“Dark matter is a hypothesized form of matter particle that does not reflect or emit electromagnetic radiation. The existence of dark matter is inferred from gravitational effects on visible matter, such as stars and galaxies”(Andrew Zimmerman Jones). Dark matter is crucial to the study of the universe and the existence of the human race. Since either dark matter or dark energy have neither been actually observed and all theories, we will be evaluating them from scientific standpoint. Since most of the light in the universe is not seen or can be seen because of the existence of dark matter, no one can really tell what exactly it is. This is why “dark matter” is the generic term used to describe the part of the universe in which light is neither absorbed nor reflected. Through the evaluated articles, we can deduce that the theory was first proposed by Astronomer Jon Oort in 1932 and further examined in 1933 by Fritz Zwicky. While studying, he made note of a large portion of “missing mass” within the galaxy. Jan Oort was studying the matter in the galaxy and noticed that there has to be more mass then that could be seen but figured that he made an error. Astrophysicist Fritz Zwicky made a similar observation when using mathematical equations to calculate the mass of the universe and noticed that there was evidence of invisible matter. Both men basically theorized that there is something in the universe thats invisible and abundant that provided enough gravity to hold

Infrared radiation is a form of electromagnetic radiation that has a greater wavelength than visible light. Although infrared can’t be seen to the human eye it can be felt as heat energy. All objects eject and absorb infrared radiation, but at different rates. An object with a higher temperature ejects more heat than an

Dark Matter is a nonluminous material that is assumed to exist in space and that could take any of several forms including weakly interacting particles, or high energy randomly moving particles. Dark matter can be classified into two categories which are cold and warm dark matter. This does not refer to the temperature of the hot matter, but instead how fast the particles are moving. At one point there was a third and fourth categories of dark matter called “hot dark matter” and "mixed dark matter" but was eliminated due to the discovery of dark energy. Dark matter is said to consist of 84 percent of all matter in the universe. (The Cosmos) For something so abundant in our universe it is still such a mystery, with a lot that we have yet

Parallax is used to find the distances of the stars which are near. This method works by measuring the distance of object from two different positions. First you measure the distance of the star from a specific position and then after six months when the earth is on the opposite direction of the sun we measure the distance of the star again. At that position, the star appears to move slightly than last. The parallax angle the star makes can be used to find the distance of the star through the help of trigonometry.

A parallax is used to measure the distance of how close stars are, the term parallax is the meaning of a semi- angle of an inclination that is between two sight- lines to the star and this can be observed and seen when the earth is on opposite sides of the sun in its orbit. The parallax is used by its triangulation that will be able to measure the position of the star that is against the background of more distant stars, the amount that it will shift is 6 months this is because of the earth orbit and this is the angle of one triangle. The diameter of the earth orbit is the other side of the triangle. Then trigonometry will play a role and you will calculate the other two sides of the triangle which

The science that is connected with planet earth encompasses Earth Science among others. Geomagnetic storms, also known as a magnetic storm, a solar storm, or space weather is a disturbance in the Earth 's magnetic field (magnetosphere) caused by energy and flows of charged elements or plasma from the Sun. Solar storms come in a variety of forms, each capable of distinguishing brands of possible danger. Most magnetic storms are aimed away from Earth, but when a storm positions in our direction, space weathermen begin to analyze what sort of space weather it may produce, and how soon to anticipate the chaos [Wisconsin State Journal. P.A2].