Paranasal Sinusitis

Bronchitis is the inflammation of the mucous membranes of the bronchi, the airways that carry airflow from the trachea into the lungs. The thin mucus lining of these airways can become irritated and swollen; the cells that make up the lining may leak fluids in response to the inflammation. Bronchitis most often occurs during the cold and flu season usually coupled with an upper respiratory infection. Bronchitis can be divided into two categories: acute or chronic each of which has distinct etiologies, pathologies, and therapies. I chose this condition because it seemed like an interesting topic to research on, and I am also interested in learning more

Since Cari is a smoker, cigarette smoke has paralyzed her cilia and stimulated the goblet cells lining her respiratory passages to secrete excess amounts of mucus. Ducts from the sinuses open into the internal nose providing a passageway for microorganisms to travel into the sinuses.

The infection will spread into her sinuses because the pharynx, sinuses, larynx, and trachea are all connected and the infection is prone to spread to the surrounding areas if not treated in a timely manner.

An infection would spread into Cari’s sinuses due to the sinuses being a drainage area for the nasal passage.

The nasal septum divides the medially into the right and left portion. The nasal septum separates the cranial cavity by the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone and by the oral cavity by the hand palate. Passageways called the superior, middle and inferior meatuses are the nasal conchae or turbinate bone that curl out from the lateral walls of the nasal cavity on each side. Nasal conchae support the mucous membranes that line the nasal cavity that help increase the surface area. The upper posterior portion of the nasal cavity is slit like and lines and contains the factory receptors that give use the sense of smell. The rest of the cavity conducts air to and from the nasopharynx.

The infection in Cari’s nasal passages and pharynx was able to spread into her sinuses due to the sinuses being a drainage area for the nasal passages.

Air (oxygen) is inhaled into the body by the nose. The air is warmed filtered and moistured in the nasal cavity as the air needs to be cleaned before passing it along to the pharynx. Mucous is held in the sinus cavity. With the joint help from the mucous and the tiny hairs in the nose our nose ensures that the air is cleared of pathogens so that the air is clean to move on to the pharynx. The tiny hairs in the nose causes us to sneeze resulting in pathogens that may have been inhaled to be sneezed out and released back into the atmosphere.

Many people don’t realize that sinus conditions can often be treated quite successfully. A careful examination combined with special imaging techniques can reveal the reasons for these sinus conditions. They can be the result of three main problems: allergies and pollutants that thicken the nasal tissues and cause nasal blockage; poor nasal breathing, which can worsen sinus conditions; or closed sinus openings which prevent adequate drainage of the sinuses. The new specialized techniques which have been recently developed use tiny endoscopes, to relieve specific blockage for the nasal passages. The treatment is done as an outpatient and does not require nasal packing. Patients can usually return to work in a few

A deep infected sinus, extending from the skin to the subcutaneous tissues, can frequently mask osteomyelitis and delay healing.

Tonsillitis can be described as the inflammation of the non-encapsulated lymphoid structures, lingual and palatine tonsils. These lymphoid tissues are part of the immune system and are the first line of defence against pathogens in the oral cavity. The palatine and lingual tonsils are located underneath the stratified squamous epithelial mucosa of the tongue and oropharynx. The tonsils’ response to bacterial or viral infections of the epithelial mucosa, e.g. streptococci and the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), is inflammation and enlargement of the tonsils and antibody responses, largely IgA. Symptoms of tonsillitis include Sore throat and fever.

The frontal sinus is the last of the paranasal sinuses to develop. It lighten the skull and cushion the brain from

Sinus problems, while common, can affect people in different ways. Some individuals are blessed in the respect that they have little to no sinus symptoms, while others are in constant battle with their sinuses. So if you find that you are in constant battle with your sinuses and have a difficult time breathing easily through your nose, know that you are not alone.

pneumoniae and there chemotactic signals and the host cell’s alternate pathway, invade the alveoli. Also red blood cells are recruited to this site. In the third stage, mostly neutrophils are packed into the alveoli and very few bacteria remain. In the final stage, macrophages eliminate the remaining residue from the inflammatory response. As one can see, the damage which is done to the lung is largely a result of the host’s inflammatory response, which causes the build up of fluids in the lungs. If S. pneumoniae is allowed to persist in the lungs it can then invade the blood, which causes bacteremia. When in the blood it can traverse the blood-brain barrier and infect the meninges, which results in meningitis. S. pneumoniae is also associated with diseases in other parts of the respiratory tract including the paranasal sinuses, which is better known as sinusitis, and the middle ear can become infected, which is known as otitis media. It has also been known to cause peritonitis, an inflammation of the peritoneum, the membrane that lines the abdominal wall, and it is also implicated in causing arthritis.

Caudal nasal septum deviations, despite not being the most common type, cause much complaint, both obstructive as well as cosmetic to the nasal tip. Besides the important functional problems, caudal septum deviations also cause clear cosmetic defects. These change the relation between the columella and the nostrils, causing significant defects on nasal tip position and symmetry (Garcia et al.,

Tonsillitis is inflammation of the tonsils, with particular reference to the palatine tonsils , two ovoid bodies of about 2,5 - 3,5 cm in length and two in width consist of lymphoid tissue and placed at the sides of the throat, immediately behind and above the base of the tongue. The tonsils are exposed to inflammation, usually viral, bacterial, more rarely, resulting in enlargement of themselves and with referred pain in the throat and in some cases ear.