Parkinson 's No Longer Happens But Is Inherited

The cause of Parkinson disease, defined by Robert Hauser, who is an author of Medscape, is still unclear. Studies state that there is a combination of environmental and genetic factors for this particular disease. Approximately 10% of cases are currently genetic causes of Parkinson disease. Environmental risk factors such as use of pesticides, living in a rural environment, consumption of well water, exposure to herbicides, and proximity to industrial plants or quarries are commonly associated with the development of Parkinson disease (Hauser, 2016). In addition, according to Hauser, “genetic factors in Parkinson disease appear to be very important when the disease begins at or before age 50 years. In a study of 193 twins, overall concordance for MZ and DZ pairs was similar, but in 16 pairs of twins, in whom Parkinson disease was diagnosed at or before age 50 years, all 4 MZ pairs, but only 2 of 12 DZ pairs, was concordant.The identification of a few families with familial Parkinson disease sparked further interest in the genetics of the disease.

Identified as LRRK2, this gene mutation only accounts for one to two percent of all cases of Parkinson’s disease. (Michael J. Fox Foundation)

Autosomal recessive inheritance is the third type known to cause muscular dystrophy, whereas both parents are carriers of the defective gene. For this reason the offspring have a 25% chance of being affected with both malformed genes, resulting in them being affected. The chance increases with cousin marriages.

Some experts believe this disease is related to the inhalation of pesticides, while others believe it results from the inhalation of chemical elements such as copper, lead, or manganese. It has been linked to heredity. It is believed that 15% of those diagnosed with the disease have a family history of the mutated gene. Scientists believe there are two types of carriers for this gene that determines a diagnosis of Parkinson’s Disease. The first type of carrier guarantees a diagnosis, whereas the second type of carrier only increases the chance of being diagnosed. This theory has yet to be

In 1991 Fox was diagnosed with early-onset Parkinson’s disease (PD), he did not reveal his diagnosis to the public until 1998. (Michael J. Fox Foundation) Parkinson’s disease is complex neuro-degenerative disease and is considered idiopathic with only a small percentage of cases considered genetically linked. Diagnosis is based solely on a patient’s history, age, and clinical manifestations. Early-onset Parkinson’s varies from idiopathic Parkinson’s in that there is a mutation in the Parkin gene.

Parkinson’s disease is a very well-known disease. It plagues about five million people worldwide, about a million of those cases are in the United States. A person does not lower their chances of getting Parkinson’s by living in a certain part of the world. It is not more, likely to happen in one location than, another. It has to do with age and genetics (“Demographics of parkinson’s,” 2014). It is a disease of the older generation, around about one percent of people over the age of 60 years old have Parkinson’s disease (Hauser, 2014). As one ages the likelihood of a person developing goes up. About four percent of people over the age of 80 years old develop Parkinson’s disease. The percentage of people who have Parkinson’s that are younger than 40 years old, is less than 10 percent. It is more

At the same time, Parkinson’s is still quite sporadic in nature. Should there be a familial relation however, mutations in specific genes have been conclusively shown to cause Parkinson’s disease. Familial cases of Parkinson disease can be caused by mutations in the LRRK2, PARK2, PARK7, PINK1, or SNCA gene, or by alterations in genes that have not been identified. In most cases, people with these mutations will develop Parkinson’s

Although the etiology of idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD) is unknown, it is characterized by the loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) of ventral midbrain region [9]; [1]. Its prevalence is associated with age. Approximately 1% of the population is affected at 65–70 years of age, which increases to 4–5% in 85-year-olds [2]. Various epidemiological studies and pathological analyses have demonstrated that mean age of onset in sporadic PD, which accounts for about 95% of cases of Parkinsonism is 70 years [7]; [3]. Familial form of Parkinson’s disease is linked to genetic mutations and has prevalence rate of 4%. Familial Parkinson’s disease patients develop early-onset disease before the age of 50

And there this field is always developing new techniques to slow or stop the progression of this aggressive degenerative process. It is now under investigation the use of gene therapy combined with surgical approaches. It was pointed out by Kang, Papasian, Chang, and Lee (2003) the exact mechanisms of the degeneration that takes place in Parkinson's may not be well understood, especially the main cause that unleashed the neuronal alteration, however to prevent the progression it is important to understand the general process of cellular death (p.339). At this point of the disease the patient is already being treated by a multidisciplinary patient, and now more than ever it is key for the clinician to keep by the patient's side guiding him through the rough path, being a light and a support for him and for his family. Don't let the person feel overwhelmed by the weight of being sick. Always keep in mind the holistic approach of the patient and giving support in all the aspects of his life, only this way we could give relief and peace of

In addition, Parkinson’s disease is sometimes seen as a mutation in the PARK2 gene. The PARK2 gene belongs to a gene family called PARK (as in Parkinson’s disease). By grouping the genes susceptible to mutations that cause PD it becomes easier for researchers to see similarities among genes. Gene families can also provide researchers with clues for identifying genes and gene patterns that are involved in particular diseases. It is estimated that researchers have identified nearly 200 PARK gene mutations that have the potential to become Parkinson’s disease. PARK2 gene mutations are usually associated with Juvenile PD and Young onset Parkinson’s disease (YOPD). There are fewer cases of PARK2 gene mutations in patients who develop the disease after the age of 50 ("PARK2 - Parkinson Disease (autosomal Recessive, Juvenile) 2, Parkin - Genetics Home Reference").

When a teenager at our clinic was diagnosed with Juvenile Parkinsonism (JP) our challenge as physical therapists started with performing different evaluation tools to produce an assertive assessment. Because JP is so rare most of the times it gets confused with other conditions. Juvenile Parkinsonism is associated with high - Parkinson’s risk genetic mutations or environmental toxin exposure (Pan-Mantojo & Reichman, 2014). 65% of people under 20 years of age with JP is due to a genetic mutation (Thomsen & Rodnitzky, 2010). Having the Leucine - rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK-2) and/or parkin9 genes increases the possibility of developing JP. It is important the entire team treating patients with juvenile PD onset get embedded in the condition in order to provide the best care possible.

Parkinson Disease’s (PD) is defined as progressive loss of pigmented neurons or cells in the substantia nigra of the brain. These cells manufacture the molecule dopamine, a chemical responsible for regulating purposeful movements. Moreover, when the dopamine level in the brain depletes by 80 percent, the patient will begin experiencing symptoms of PD. Genetics also play a vital role in Parkinson’s development--mutations in the Leucine-Repeat Kinase 2 are its greatest contributors. Furthermore, dopamine levels progressively drop in patients with the disease; therefore, their symptoms gradually become severe as they age. Parkinson’s symptoms are categorized into primary, secondary, motor, and nonmotor. (Fallon & Cataldo, 2013)

It affects 1 in 100 people over the age of 60, because the risk of developing this disease grows as you get older. Men are about 1.5 times more likely to get Parkinson’s disease than women. There is no known cause for it, but is thought to be caused in the decline of production of dopamine (a chemical in the brain). If you are lacking dopamine, the communications between the brain and the muscles become weaker. Parkinson’s causes pain, depression, loss of memory and affects sleep. The first symptoms of Parkinson’s is trembling, normally when the body is resting, and then the body becomes stiff. They then worsen when you struggle to walk and start to lose balance and coordination. Other symptoms include speech changes, difficulty sleeping, fatigue and constipation. It is not contagious, it is not genetic, people just randomly develop its symptoms, and these symptoms only show slowly over time. People with Parkinson’s have an increased chance of getting dementia, a disease which affects memory. There is no definite test to see if someone has Parkinson’s, it can only be seen in an autopsy. There are some ways that can give you an indefinite answer, like a CT scan or a MRI, but it can not give you a certain answer. There is no known way of preventing Parkinson’s, but stats show that people who smoke and drink coffee get Parkinson’s less than people who

Parkinson’s disease is a neurological disorder that is classified as a movement disorder (Pinel, 2013). Parkinson’s disease is a progressive disease, meaning it does more damage over time. Many people may believe that Parkinson’s is an uncommon disease, however it affects as much as 1 percentage of the population over the age of 60 (Shafique, Blagrove, Chung, & Logendrarajah, 2011). Surprisingly, men are two and a half times more likely to develop Parkinson’s over women (Pinel, 2013). Parkinson’s is a disease that dramatically impacts those who suffer from it. Parkinson’s disease affects every part of a patient’s life, including personal and professional, health, and all matters pertaining to the quality of life. While

Parkinson disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized mainly by physical and psychological disabilities. This disorder was named after James Parkinson, an English physician who first described it as shaking palsy in 1817 (Goetz, Factr, and Weiner, 2002). Jean- Martin Charcot, who was a French neurologist, then progressed and further refined the description of the disease and identified other clinical features of PD (Goetz, Factr, and Weiner, 2002). PD involves the loss of cells that produce the neurotransmitter dopamine in a part of the brain stem called the substansia nigra, which results in several signs and symptoms (Byrd, Marks, and Starr, 2000). It is manifested clinically by tremor,