Essay about Parkinson's Disease

Parkinson's Disease has caused problems for many people in this world and plagued the elderly all over the world.Parkinson's disease still puzzles doctors and the causes are unknown. It is known that it is a non-communicable disease and may even be hereditary. Parkinson's disease is thought to be caused by external factors.

Parkinson’s disease is a “neurodegenerative disorder of the basal nuclei due to insufficient secretion of the neurotransmitter dopamine” (Marieb & Hoehn, 2013, p. G-17). The cause of Parkinson’s disease is unknown, but many factors play a role in the development of Parkinson’s disease. One factor that has been found in an individual who has Parkinson’s disease causes over activity of targeted dopamine-deprived basal nuclei. This over activity is caused by the breakdown of neurons that release dopamine in the substantia nigra (Marieb & Hoehn, 2013). Another factor that is present in a person who has Parkinson’s disease, is the presence of lewy bodies in the brain stem ("What is lbd?," 2014). Lewy bodies are unusual

The path physiology of Parkinson’s disease is the pathogenesis if Parkinson disease is unknown. Epidemiologic data suggest genetic, viral, and environmental toxins as possible

Parkinson’s disease “is described as a common disorder of the brain caused by a progressive deterioration of the areas that produce the neurotransmitter dopamine” (Fischer, 1999). It affects the nervous system, more specifically it affects the nerve cells in your brain that secrete dopamine. Dopamine is a chemical that is responsible for the movement and coordination of the musculoskeletal system.

Many people have probably heard of Parkinson’s disease, as is it is a relatively common disease, however little know what the disease is, and how it affects your body. Parkinson’s disease is a chronic, progressive, and degenerative disease and what it does, is affect the nerve cells in the brain that produce dopamine. Dopamine is an inhibitory neurotransmitter, and is responsible for balancing acetylcholine. Acetylcholine on the other hand is a facilitory neurotransmitter. what that means is obviously there is now an imbalance in the body’s system. The picture on the left shows how transitions of dopamine differs from a person with Parkinson’s compared to a person without. The other picture shows the activity level

It is neurological.According to the study of best neurologist in NYC; Parkinson’s outcomes from a chemical imbalance inside the basal ganglia, a structure inside the brainstem. Neurons in that locale that are in charge of making the substance dopamine, which sends signs to start development, are murdered. The

In one case, four adults aged 26-42 who had injected heroin were essentially immobile, unable to speak, had frozen facial expressions and were extremely rigidity in their arms. According to Langston (1984) these symptoms are highly similar to those experienced by an advanced Parkinson’s disease (PD) patient. PD results from substantia nigra cell death which is a region within the basal ganglia. These cells are the main source of dopamine but Langston (1984) was unable to visualise any structural brain damage on CT or MRI scans, however, PET scans confirmed hypo metabolism of dopamine. After a chemical analysis, the drug injected by these four patients actually had little resemblance to heroin but had a similar structure to meperidine (a synthetic opioid) which is now known as MPTP. Lab experiments indicate that MPTP is selectively destructive for dopamine cells. Since this drug discovery, various surgical procedures have been developed to reduce the inhibition in those with PD either by lesioning the output structure of the basal ganglia - which has many limitations or by deep-brain stimulation. Therefore, as a result of studying these four patients suffering from Parkinsonian symptoms, drug discoveries have been made which can thus be used to make advancements in our understanding and effective treatments of Parkinson’s disease which to this date,

New discoveries on the treatment of Parkinson’s disease show that dopamine neurons can treat Parkinson’s disease. Parkinson’s disease is a disorder of the nervous system, which is a progressive disease. Parkinson’s disease is marked by tremors, muscular stiffness. It mainly affects people who are either elderly or middle aged. Although Parkinson’s disease cannot be cure lab grown dopamine can assist in being able to manage the disease in an enhanced way. Although Parkinson’s disease is not curable but can be treatable it still needs more work in order to make a cure in the future. Dopamine helps regulate movement and when there is a deficiency in dopamine that results in Parkinson’s disease.

Dopamine is a brain chemical/Neurotransmitter that work as messenger signal between the Substantia Nigra to the next relay station of the brain, the corpus striatum which helps to produce smooth coordinate movement and also plays a major role to help control muscle’s movement. With Parkinson’s disease, the brain cells that produce dopamine slowly die, which lead to decrease production of Dopamine. The loss of dopamine causes abnormal nerve firing with brain and the cells that control muscle’s movement by sending the messages to the muscles; due to this it becomes really hard to control muscles movement and cause tremors and various other symptoms such as rigidity and difficulty walking and performing daily tasks. Dopamine is not the only neurotransmitter involved in Parkinson’s Disease. Norepinephrine is very relatively close to dopamine and is also involved in Parkinson’s Disease. Individuals with Parkinson’s Disease have loss of nerve ending that produce norepinephrine. Norepinephrine is a major neurotransmitter for sympathetic nervous system, which control many autonomic functions of our body; it causes increase in blood pressure and heart rate. Loss of norepinephrine can help us explain the non-motor symptoms associated with Parkinson’s Disease such as fatigue, decrease in gastric stability and disruption in cognition. Parkinson’s Disease can be hereditary

Parkinson’s involves the death or diminished neurons in the brain. The part of the brain infected the most with this particular disease is known as the substantia nigra. Some neurons, in this particular area of the brain, produce dopamine. Dopamine is a chemical that sends messages to the part of the brain where movement and coordination are controlled. When the neurons die and Parkinson’s disease progresses, the affected person’s movement move farther and farther from normality. Eventually, a person experiencing Parkinson’s disease can come to a point of not having any control of their movements. Parkinson’s disease

One mechanism is the aggregation of the misfolded alpha-synuclein proteins, causing the death of the dopaminergic neurons in the brain tissue (Dauer and Przedborski, 2003; Sultana et al. 2011). A second proposed mechanism is mitochondrial dysfunction, causing oxidative stress on the neurons promoting the activation of ROS (reactive oxygen spcies) thus causing apoptosis of the neuronal cells (Dauer and Przedborski, 2003; Zhang et al. 2012). Other mechanisms and links between these two proposed models have been suggested but further research is necessary to determine the direct pathways of neuronal death in PD. The root to the biochemical alteration in the dopaminergic neurons is a mixture of environmental effects and exposures as well as genetic factors. The genetic inheritance of Parkinson’s disease only affects approximately 10% of persons with PD (Shahaduzzaman et al. 2013) and is usually inherited from a direct relative (Elbaz and Tranchant, 2007). Environmental factors such as exposure to pesticides, traumatic brain injury, and age are believed to contribute to the development of PD and pose a possible threat to mutation of the genes involved in PD (Hassan et al. 2015). The multifactor of the involvement of environmental factors as well as genetic factors are believed to attribute for the majority of cases of

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the most frequent movement disorder and the second most common neurodegenerative disease (Bueler 2009). Over 1% of the entire population over the age of 60, and up to 5% of age 80, is affected by PD (Wood-Kaczmar, Gandhi et al. 2006). The pathogenesis of PD remains unclear, but can be categorized as sporadic, being the most common form, and Mendelian, which accounts for 5-10% of all PD cases (Guo 2008). The studies of Mendelian onset of PD have lead to the identification of five genes being linked to this neurodegenerative disease (Guo 2008). α-Synuclein (SNCA) and Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) mediate autosomal dominant forms of PD. PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1),

With the number of cases in the millions, Parkinson’s Disease is one of the most common types of neurological disorders, and continues to be common due to the lack of a cure. However, research has come a long way in determining the exact areas of the brain that affect Parkinson’s Disease, the risk factors associated with this disease, and the exact physiology of the brain that causes a person to have the symptoms specific to

This disease affects the nerve cells in the basal ganglia and substantia nigra. Nerve cells in the substantia nigra produce dopamine, a neurotransmitter, and are responsible for relaying messages that control body movement. The dopamine-producing nerve cells of the substantia nigra begin to diminish. When eighty percent of dopamine is lost, symptoms of Parkinson’s disease, such as tremor and stiffness, begin to appear.

Parkinson disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized mainly by physical and psychological disabilities. This disorder was named after James Parkinson, an English physician who first described it as shaking palsy in 1817 (Goetz, Factr, and Weiner, 2002). Jean- Martin Charcot, who was a French neurologist, then progressed and further refined the description of the disease and identified other clinical features of PD (Goetz, Factr, and Weiner, 2002). PD involves the loss of cells that produce the neurotransmitter dopamine in a part of the brain stem called the substansia nigra, which results in several signs and symptoms (Byrd, Marks, and Starr, 2000). It is manifested clinically by tremor,