Parkinson's Disease Tomography Summary

By the time someone shows signs and symptoms of Parkinson 's, Dopamine production in the brain has been reduced by 60 to 80% and is fairly advanced. This results in the most recognizable sign of Parkinson 's disease, the resting tremor of the hand or hands. During deliberate movement, the resting tremor goes away, at first. At rest, the tremor will become exacerbated,

Parkinson disease (PD) is one of the most common neurologic disorders. and it affects approximately 1% of individuals older than 60 years old. Parkinson’s disease is a condition that progresses slowly by treatment. In addition, loss of pigmented dopaminergic neurons of the substantianigra pars compacta and the presence of Lewy bodies and Lewyneurites are the two major neuropathologic findings in Parkinson disease (Hauser, 2016).

New and evolving diagnostic tests are always exciting. Especially if these tests could possibly lead us to a cure for those diseases that currently have only treatment, but no cures. Parkinson 's is a progressively degenerative disease, which affects millions of people every year. Patients suffering from Parkinson 's incur high costs from drug therapy, fall-related injuries, and hospitalizations. By diagnosing this disease earlier, treatment can be started earlier and hopefully the symptoms can be delayed and less severe for a longer period of time giving the patient a better quality of life. However, with any new test we must use statistical measures to determine if these tests are truly making a difference.

For the health condition description of age-related macular degeneration I will discuss the etiology, onset, prevalence rate, body systems, body structures, and associated deficits that come and are associated with this disease. “AMD is the degradation of the cells at the center of the retina which is the layer of tissue at the back of the eye that registers light. The macula is responsible for ventral vision, which enables us to read, drive, participate in sports, and do anything else that requires focusing directly ahead. Macular degeneration distorts the heart of the vision field” (Macular degeneration, 1998). Sunlight and smoking are both influences of the onset of AMD (Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD), 2014). It is suggested to avoid intense bright sunlight which may help reduce the retinal degeneration. Hats, sunglasses and any other accessories that can help protect the eyes from the sun are suggested. Cigarette smoking has also been linked to increasing the risk of developing AMD and it is recommended that persons should stop smoking to decrease their chance of developing AMD (Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD), 2014). AMD does not develop until the sixth or seventh decade of life, although early

As humans, we don't always see with our eyes, but often with our imagination (Grunwald, 2016). Often times as people we never realize how useful our vision really is to us. You really don't think about something like that until it would actual happen to you. Throughout this essay, you will learn how the body is affected by Macular Degeneration (MD). Different signs and symptoms, as well as the etiology of MD, will be discussed. In the following, diagnosis tests and treatments may also be listed in order to help others who would like to know more about MD. Not to mention, you will learn the incidence and progression of MD. Furthermore, information though agencies and associations, as well as new research about MD will be given.

Both pathologic mechanisms converge on cellular pathways that lead to photoreceptor death, which is the ultimate cause of visual loss in AMD. Recent advances in retinal imaging technology, including noninvasive, high-resolution spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) and confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy imaging, have improved early diagnosis as well as disease monitoring during treatment. The development and application of an anti vascular endothelial growth factor or anti-VEGF therapy has led to an improvement in functional outcomes for patients affected by the "wet," neovascular form of the disease, and reducing the incidence of blindness in the elderly. These drugs work by stopping a protein called vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) produced by cells in the retina from working. While the introduction of anti-VEGF therapy has improved outcomes, there are

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a clinical condition in which there is a progressive decrease in central vision. There are two forms of macular degeneration, dry/nonexudative and wet/exudative, and these differ in fundal findings and treatment options. Dry macular degeneration is due to accumulation of drusen between the retinal pigment epithelium and Bruch’s membrane and eventually progresses to geographic atrophy. Geographic atrophy refers to loss of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and photoreceptors. Wet macular degeneration, comprising up to 80% of cases of macular degeneration, is due to neovascularization forming choroidal neovascular membranes, which are unstable vessels leading to an array of complications including

Kirbas et al. (2013) used SD-OCT images to analyze RNFL thickness in untreated AD patients without visual impairment, and compared the results with healthy controls. In addition, patients were also administered a Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) which served to ensure that the patients were in an early stage of AD. In this study all of the optic nerve quadrants were analyzed, but the only significant results were those for the superior quadrant (76 ± 6.7 mm vs 105 ± 4.8 mm; P = 0.001), as well as the overall average RNFL thickness (65 ± 6.2 mm vs 75 ± 3.8 mm; P = 0.001). Furthermore, there was no correlation between MMSE scores and OCT measurements. In brief, there was a noticeable decrease in the total RNFL thickness of AD patients

Neurodegenerative diseases can be described as a malfunction in the neural mechanical processes that take place within the human brain. This malfunction then causes pathological problems associated to behaviors and movements. They are often complex in that the causes may be unknown, although the symptoms can be impactful and debilitating. There has been links to a genetic component being of causation, but they can also arise from alcoholism, tumors, strokes, toxins, chemicals, and viruses (Lehman, 2014). In this paper I will explore a Neurodegenerative disease called Parkinson’s. I will discuss the risk factors, pathophysiology that will include signs and symptoms, pharmacotherapies, diagnostic methods and monitoring,

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative debilitating movement disease which gets worse over time (Medscape, 2015). After much research and study no known cause has yet been determined and experts have hypothesized that it is a mix of inherited and environmental factors (Medscape, 2015). However, regardless of the unspecific cause, it is characterized by a significant loss in dopamine transportation to the basal ganglia which manifests itself in the three following physiologic signs: resting tremor, rigidity and bradykinesia (slow and reduced movement) (Mahan, Escott-Stump & Raymond, 2012). In North America PD is one of the most prevalent neurological disorders affecting relatively 1% of persons older than 65 years of age and within 5 years 66% of patients are disabled and by 10 years 80% are disabled (Mahan et al., 2012). PD increases in incidence with age, is not partial to socioeconomic status, is more common in whites than in Asian or Blacks and is predominately seen between the ages of 40 and 70 (Mahan et al., 2012).

Diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease is not a simplistic process. Currently, there is not a precise way of diagnosing Parkinson’s, rather Parkinson’s diagnostics is based on clinical presentations and ruling out all other possible explanations for the patient’s symptoms. As a result a correct clinical diagnostics for Parkinson’s disease can take anywhere from two months to eighteen years, depending on the clinical presentation. Additionally many patients are misdiagnosed with Parkinson’s, leading to inappropriate treatment, management, and prognosis. Over the past decade, many neuroimaging diagnostic techniques have been developed using PET scans or SPECT scans. SPECT scans are a cheaper and more versatile neuroimaging technique than PET scans,

This paper will discuss Parkinson’s disease the cause, signs and symptoms, early detection, common associated effects, treatment, solutions to environmental and genetic effects, and illness prevention strategies. While covering all these topics we will discuss how important it is to know about this disease and how we can better treat this disease to help our loved ones when they are diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease.

Retinal vascular imaging is useful in detecting Microvasular abnormalities. It shows several predictors of diseases and potential for understanding other markers that might fit into what happens when we age, develop a disease or health issue. Retinal and cerebral microvasculature have common physiological properties. They are highly similar metabolic active tissues, and are homologous in structure. There are at least two viewing forms for retinal vasculature 2D and 3D . 2D being more flat while 3D shows outlines, fuller imager quality and in-depth structures of the retina. Retinal imaging has been helpful in several diagnoses of health such as hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, obesity and the effects of aging. Outlook for retinal vascular imaging looks good as it is being applied to new ideas and concepts.

Central vision loss, primarily brought about by age-related macular degeneration, is the leading cause of irreversible blindness in the developed world (Bunce and Wormald, 2006). The vast majority of individuals with central vision loss develop a preferred retinal locus (PRL), a specific region of the peripheral visual field that they use to perform everyday tasks such as reading. However, peripheral vision is limited in a number of ways in comparison to foveal vision. For example, in people with normal vision, reading speed, contrast sensitivity and visual acuity are worse in the periphery compared to the fovea. Additionally, peripheral vision is limited by visual crowding, which describes the increased

Parkinson’s disease is a disease with a wide variety of disabilities recognizable as changes in appearance, posture, walking, and balance. In 1817, the English physician James Parkinson described these symptoms in his patients and has had his name become synonymous with the disease. In 1893 the substantia nigra of the basal ganglia was identified as an area of disease for Parkinson’s. Examination with the naked eye reveals a lack of black pigment in this portion of the brainstem. Subsequent follow up with the microscope showed a deterioration of the nerve cells in this area. The circuitous relationship between the substantia nigra and the basal ganglia explains many of the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease. Today the