Essay on Parkinson's Disease and Tissue Transplants

Neurology is one of the most unexplored fields in medicine; however, more recently there has been a spike in the amount of research being done in this specialty. This is because people are becoming more interested in neuroscience, including myself. I attended a pre-medical vocational high school, which exposed me to a greater amount of knowledge pertaining to the basics of anatomy and physiology, along with hands-on opportunities in a medical setting. It was here where I realized that I wanted to pursue a career in medicine; however, due to the fact medical field is very broad, I had no set specialty. This changed when I was exposed to the cruel manifestations of Parkinson’s Disease. During, sophomore year of high school, my grandfather passed away due to complications of Parkinson’s Disease. The way that a neurodegenerative disease was able to overtake a person in the manner that it did was shocking, and while it brought me great grief initially, it later intrigued me. I took up an interest in neuroscience and began to do my own research which culminated in various projects and applications throughout the remainder of my time in high school. These experiences have culminated in my decision to work toward a Cell Biology and

James Parkinson first discovered Parkinson's Disease in 1817. Parkinson's Disease is a common neurologic disorder for the elderly. It is a disorder of the brain characterized by shaking and difficulty with walking, movement, and coordination. This disease is associated with damage to a part of the brain that controls muscle movement. Parkinson's Disease is a chronic illness that is still being extensively studied.

Parkinson disease (PD) is one of the most common neurologic disorders. and it affects approximately 1% of individuals older than 60 years old. Parkinson’s disease is a condition that progresses slowly by treatment. In addition, loss of pigmented dopaminergic neurons of the substantianigra pars compacta and the presence of Lewy bodies and Lewyneurites are the two major neuropathologic findings in Parkinson disease (Hauser, 2016).

There are many different types of stem-cells which can be implanted in patients to regenerate or replace the damaged or abnormal cells caused by not only diseases like Parkinson's but also Alzheimer's and spinal cord injuries (2). A specific example in relation to Parkinson's is the harvesting of embryonic stem cells. These human embryonic stem cells can be transplanted into the brain to replace and create dopamine neurons. The controversy is in how one can obtain these stem cells. During fertilization, in humans, the embryo is hollow and contains cells that eventually develop into a fetus (1). Researchers have discovered, as recently as 1998, that the cells in the embryo contain all

Parkinson’s disease is a “neurodegenerative disorder of the basal nuclei due to insufficient secretion of the neurotransmitter dopamine” (Marieb & Hoehn, 2013, p. G-17). The cause of Parkinson’s disease is unknown, but many factors play a role in the development of Parkinson’s disease. One factor that has been found in an individual who has Parkinson’s disease causes over activity of targeted dopamine-deprived basal nuclei. This over activity is caused by the breakdown of neurons that release dopamine in the substantia nigra (Marieb & Hoehn, 2013). Another factor that is present in a person who has Parkinson’s disease, is the presence of lewy bodies in the brain stem ("What is lbd?," 2014). Lewy bodies are unusual

The goal of this paper is to compare the utility of adult, embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) to treat Parkinson’s disease. As such several things will be assessed, dosage of stemcells, improvement in motor function, in combination with the presence of α-synuclein proteins and cell survival.

Parkinson's disease affects the way you move. It happens when there is a problem with certain nerve cells in the brain. Normally, these nerve cells make an important chemical called dopamine. Dopamine sends signals to the part of your brain that controls movement. Some conspiracy theories makes us happy by creating a picture where hitler was finally reduced to a trembling, almost rigid person with the mood swings of a woman at her worst PMS, shambling through a burnt, destroyed, and pillaged Nazi regime because he was inflicted by parkinson's disease in the final days of his life. Although it is rumored that hitler really had this disease. It was highly unlikely that he died from it due to the fact that parkinson's disease does not kill by

Parkinson disease (PD), also referred to as Parkinson’s disease and paralysis agitans, is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that is the third most common neurologic disorder of older adults. It is a debilitating disease affecting motor ability and is characterized by four cardinal symptoms: tremor rigidity, bradykinesia or kinesis (slow movement/no movement), and postural instability. Most people have primary, or idiopathic, disease. A few patients have secondary parkinsonian symptoms from conditions such as brain tumors and certain anti-psychotic drugs.

Fetal material is used primarily because it has not yet completely undergone the specialization that adult tissue has. The primary fetal cells used for research are called stem cells that are capable of growing and specializing. The hope that most researchers have is that this transplanted tissue will specialize into cells that can regrow or replace missing or damaged tissue in the patient. Unfortunately, the tissue, especially that used in the research for Parkinson's disease, does not survive for very long in it's new host. However, for a short time after the transplantation symptoms decrease or even reverse themselves.

DRG isolation, plating, and axon elongation: Adult DRG from C1 to L1 will be dissected from SD rats ≥ 8 weeks of age using standard techniques.14,32,33 Dissected DRGs are treated in 0.25% collagenase-P (Boehringer Mannheim) in Neurobasal media (Invitrogen) for 1.5 hours followed by a treatment in 0.25% trypsin in cell dissociation buffer for an additional 1.5 hours. After trypsin inhibition, the pellet will be resuspended in complete medium and mechanically separated using a fire polished pasture pipet until the DRGs are completely dissociated. The DRG cells will be plated along the elongation interface and maintained in complete growth medium consisting of Neurobasal Media supplemented with B27 (Invitrogen), 1% FBS (Hyclone) and 1mM L-Glutamine (Invitrogen), 2.5g/L glucose, and 10μg/mL 2.5S nerve growth factor (Becton Dickinson). After cells attach, DRG cultures will be immediately treated with mitotic inhibitor cocktails consisting of 5 μM cytosine arabinoside, 20 μM 5-fluoro-2’-deoxyuridine and 20 μM uridine. Five days after plating, the axon fascicles spanning the two overlapping membranes will be elongated. Stretch-induced axon elongation is controlled by

Parkinson’s Disease is a long-term progressive neurodegenerative disease consisting of motor system impairment, neuropsychiatric, and nonmotor features. The disease is characterized by the following key clinical features: bradykinesia, resting tremor, postural instability, and rigidity. These symptoms are due to the diminishing of dopamine in the nigrostriatal pathway and substantia nigra, which causes inhibition of the thalamus decreasing excitatory input to the motor cortex.1 Along with the key manifestations an individual with Parkinson’s Disease will experience problems associated with the disease or the antiparkinson medications. These co-occurring problems are hallucinations, dementia, daytime sleepiness, fatigue, depression, and pyschosis.2 Psychosis is a common problem in Parkinson’s Disease, and is characterized by paranoid delusions and hallucinations that are visual in nature.2 Risk factors for psychosis consists of advancing age, dementia, sleep disorders, and high doses of antiparkinson drugs.1

Parkinson’s Disease is known as one of the most common progressive and chronic neurodegenerative disorders. It belongs to a group of conditions known as movement disorders. Parkinson disease is a component of hypokinetic disorder because it causes a decreased in bodily movement. It affects people who are usually over the age of 50. It can impair an individual motor as well as non-motor function. Some of the primary symptoms of Parkinson’s disease are characterized by tremors or trembling in hands, legs and arms. In early symptoms the tremor can be unilateral, appearing in one side of body but progression in the disease can cause it to spread to both sides; rigidity or a resistant to movement affects most people with Parkinson’s disease,

Transfer the forebrain pieces into a 15-ml tube and add HBSS to a volume of ~ 2.0 ml. Transfer an aliqout of 0.2 ml trypsin solution (2.5% stock solution) to the tube, and incubate in the 37° C water bath for 10 minutes. Remove trypsin solution then add 5 ml of HBSS. Repeat this step two more times, finally bringing the volume up to 2 ml. Dissociate the forebrain pieces by means of trituration. Centrifuge triturated cells using clinical centrifuge at high speed. Remove as much HBSS as possible and resuspend in Nucleofector solution. Once resuspended in Nucleofector solution, transfer 100 ul each into Eppendorf tubes (1.5 ml) and add 2-10 ug of DNA to the solution. Then follow protocol for Nucleofector II – transfer cells/DNA suspension mix into a Nucleofector cuvette and select Nucleofector® Program O-003 or G-013. Insert the cuvette with cell/DNA suspension into the Nucleofector® Cuvette Holder and apply the selected program. Transfer all contents of cuvette into 60 mm dish containing the polylysine-treated coverslips in Neurobasal medium. Add cells to each of the dishes containing the polylysine-treated coverslips in Neurobasal medium. . After 2 days in culture add final 5µM AraC (30µl per 60mm dish) to prevent further growth of glial cells. Feed the cultures every 5

Parkinson’s Disease is a very common disorder these days. Over 10 million people live daily with Parkinson worldwide. Parkinson’s Disease was named after an English surgeon James Parkinson who wrote a detailed description essay called Shaking Palsy in 1817. The average age for Parkinson’s Disease is between 45 to 70 years old but you can also have juvenile or young onset as well. Most common symptoms of Parkinson are tremors, bradykinesia or akinesia, or rigidity or stiffness, and balance disorder. Parkinson’s Disease doesn’t have a cure and the cause is unknown it could be a number of things genetics, environmental triggers, age, or gender. Parkinson’s Disease happens because the dopaminergic neuron dies and

Parkinson disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized mainly by physical and psychological disabilities. This disorder was named after James Parkinson, an English physician who first described it as shaking palsy in 1817 (Goetz, Factr, and Weiner, 2002). Jean- Martin Charcot, who was a French neurologist, then progressed and further refined the description of the disease and identified other clinical features of PD (Goetz, Factr, and Weiner, 2002). PD involves the loss of cells that produce the neurotransmitter dopamine in a part of the brain stem called the substansia nigra, which results in several signs and symptoms (Byrd, Marks, and Starr, 2000). It is manifested clinically by tremor,