Participant Intervention-Comparator-Outcomes

Meta analyses, such as ‘Current evidence on risk factors for knee osteoarthritis in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis’, often summarised the data of 50+ clinical trials which meant the time that would have been spent researching multiple articles was more beneficially used in other research processes, ultimately streamlining the research. The complexity of the language and medical concepts in the journal articles often limited the accessibility of the ideas presented. Typically, websites proved to be not very useful as medical concepts were oversimplified. However, certain medical practices’ websites including Pain Spa UK provided valuable inside perspectives on certain procedures, whilst others were useful for obtaining relevant statistics and providing basic preliminary understanding of certain medical information.

Results (what were the basic results of the study, how did the authors draw conclusions, how did they display their data, are their conclusions justified) (1pt)

Systematic reviews allow researchers to to determine the best research evidence to address a health care situation. In disease management and casemanagement specialities, the clincial guidelines for managing chronic health conditions are developed from Systemic reviews ( Groves, et al., 2013). Meta- analysis involves the use of results from previous studies; it involves quasi-experimental and experimental studies and stastical analysis are applied to provide the most desired evidence for an intervention, whiles Meta synthesis uses qualitative studies which main focus is interpretation of a specific study for use as evidenced research (Groves, et al., 2013). Lasty, mixed methods systematic review involves the utilization of independent studies which are conducted through narrative and invloves both quantitative and qualitative methods(Groves, et al.,

2) The systematic design, collection, analysis, and reporting of data and findings relevant to a specific

Response to Intervention is defined in the book as the multi-tiered framework for addressing academic skills. There is three level of tiers, primary instruction or primary prevention, secondary intervention or secondary prevention, tertiary intervention or tertiary prevention. This approach if given to the students so they do not have to be failing in third or fourth grade, before they are provided with this intervention to help them succeed in reading. The students are given research based teaching in their classroom to help them with their reading , if so they are struggling the teacher will be able to catch it in their earlier years, such as the first or second grade.

The literature search helps to identify and retrieve studies to find out information about a topic, detect the need for further study and develop new guidelines (Auston, Cahn, & Selden, 2016). The resources that could provide the evidence are available in many databases. The databases used for the literature support for the problem and the proposed solution of this EBP project are:

Summarize the intent of the framework: The Response to intervention framework is intended to benefit teaching as well as learning. The essential mission of the context and Response to Intervention is to allow districts to give all students opportunities to learn at high levels and to provide the support to reach goals set. The special education guidelines have been approved by The Tennessee State board of Education in terms of Specific Learning Disabilities (SLDs). The model is set up to give struggling students an alternative from going straight into special education. The Tennessee Department of Education dedicated many professional development opportunities to insure all districts were informed and ready for the changes with the commitment to generate a RTI program that works statewide that is strong, reliable, and simple to follow. Students will be given the chance to receive early intervention as an alternative to previous practices implemented.

This week the topic we covered was over Special Education. While reading the text the information on Response to Intervention (RTI) really stood out to me. According to the text, RTI is a concept used to identify students who may have a learning disability (Walsh, p. 94). I am all for providing more focus interventions to students who are struggling in regular education. The way it operates on my campus, RTI is operated through P.E.classes only. RTI pullouts take place at the start of each class period. The pullouts can last up to 45 minutes. I question the effectiveness of the RTI pullouts because I have students that try to skip the intervention because they rather stay in P.E. To minimize the skipping, if my aide is present, I

I am an excellent candidate to assist school leadership with surpassing its annual goal. As a Turn Around administrator, I developed the skills and systems to review school improvement plans, analyze and disaggregate data, look for trends and gaps and implement scientific researched based intervention. I worked with principals to implement Response to Intervention (RtI) program. At the end of the program was a significant increase in student proficiency rate on formative and summative assessments. I used different strategies to address concerns with achievement gaps on formative and summative assessment, student and staff discipline and attendance and community involvement. I supported and implemented several mentoring programs. Several lives

2. a. Meta-Analysis- A statistical tool that incorporates data and results from many different studies of the same topic previously conducted into a one large analysis to further derive or validate conclusions of said topic of research. In a clinical aspect, this tool is provides a more precise look into the effect of a treatment on an ailment than just a single study may

Publication bias is defined by Dickersin as “the tendency on the parts of investigator, reviewers, and editors to submit or accept manuscripts for publication based on the strength of the study findings” (Dickersin,1990). Clinical trial registration has been proposed to help resolve these concerns (Dickersin & Min, 1993) and also help improve both the transparency and credibility of clinical research. This can be accomplished by using registries to learn not only about studies that are published but also about studies that have been conducted but not published. Additionally by maintaining a public record of the intended apriori primary outcomes, registration of trials can help to combat the problem of authors changing the primary outcome post hoc to report an outcome that has a statistically significant difference. (Dickersin & Rennie,2003, Jones CW & Platts-Mills, 2012, Chan et al, 2004, Dwan et al,

It is interesting to see that both of our institutions utilized the same Response to Intervention (RTI) process to gather data based on a student's failing grade. Like you have mentioned, this process is helpful in determining the weaknesses of that student, and identifying the academic risk before the end of the school year. On many occasions, when an educator fails to identify the student at risk, that student more likely will fail toward the end of the year. My institution use that intervention beforehand to prevent the student from failing the entire year. I found this intervention to be effective in analyzing the data informed decision-making before it is too late. Thank you for

Koffel, J. (2015). Use of recommended search strategies in systematic reviews and the impact of librarian involvement: A cross-sectional survey of recent authors. Plos ONE, 10(5), doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0125931

While to what extent this bias affects the outcome is not measured, the effect certainly is there. Mainly, there exists a restriction in the generalizability of the finding, especially those trials that relate to alternative medicine (Hróbjartsson et al., 2014). When patients are more aware of their treatment, the way they report their symptoms may vary, adversely even the quality of the doctor-patient relationship is reduced. This also leads to disproportionate rates of attrition and the placebo effect. The rates of attrition of patients are always found to be higher where they are non-blinded (Hróbjartsson et al., 2014). Bias has mainly reported occurring due to a combination of response bias, placebo effect, and attrition. Response bias refers to the methods in which the patient response to the intervention. For example, the patient may be disappointed to know that he is in the control group and hence may become disinterested and more inclined to leave. This leads to attrition of the participants. Further, the patient may experience the “placebo effect” (Sedgwick, 2013). The placebo effect refers to the presumed benefits of the placebo drug, which is not caused by the drug itself, but is due to the patient’s belief in the treatment (Colloca & Benedetti,

Patten (2014) defines meta-analysis as “a set of statistical methods for combining the results of previous studies” and the conclusions are based on “mathematical synthesis” (p. 151). Cohn and Becker (2003) offer a reason why meta-analysis is done “conducting a meta-analysis is the increase in statistical power that it affords a reviewer” (p. 243). There are two goals for meta-analysis research. They include to estimate a population effect-size parameter and to increase the precision of the estimate of the effect size parameter (Cohn & Becker, 2003). There are two types of meta-analyses. They include fixed effect model and random effects model (Borenstein, Hedges, & Rothstein, 2007). Fixed effects models deals with only one true effect size in which all of the studies that are used whereas random effects refers to when the true effect varies between each individual study that is pulled (2007).