Participatory Development

It is important to have different types of citizens in a colonization. There are three types of good citizens in a colony they are Participatory citizens, Personally responsible citizens, and Justice oriented citizens. Different types of citizens contribute in different ways and it is important that the right mix of citizens are in a colony. Participatory citizens are kind, caring, and considerate. Personally responsible citizens are responsible, supportive, and self reliant. Justice oriented citizens are concerned, problem fixers, and identifiers.

Atul Gawande in his article “When the Doctor Makes Mistakes” exposes the mystery, uncertainty and fallibility of medicine in true stories that involve real patients. In a society where attorneys protect hospitals and physicians from zealous trials from clients following medical errors, doctors make mistakes is a testimony that Gawande a representative of other doctors speak openly about failures within the medical fields. In this article, Gawande exposes those errors with an intention of showing the entire society and specifically those within the medicine field that when errors are hidden, learning is squelched and those within the system are provided with an opportunity to continue committing the same errors. What you find when you critically analyse Gawande, “When Doctors Make Mistakes essay is how messy and uncertain medicine turns out to be. Throughout the entire article you experience the havoc within the medicine field as the inexperienced doctor misapplies a central line in a patient.

WORLD BANK: governments play an important role in development, but there is no simple set of rules telling them what to do.

You should be providing the opportunities, time, space, facilities and equipment and encourage them to be physically active. You could encourage them to join a football/rugby team or take up other hobbies such as running athletics etc. According to the nice guidelines through physical activity a child/young person will challenge themselves and learn to take risks. Other ways to support development is provide a structuring and learning environment and ensure the child/ young person goes to school as children learn by being with others and encourage them to think for themselves, it is also recognised that getting adequate sleep as sleep is essential to the body which uses the time to rest muscles, repair cells and refresh itself. For children

They failed to want to work together to help the whole community. Each manager, is either bias to all indigents, or indigents not of their race. They needed to work collaboratively to meet the patients’ needs.

In order to be consistent, efficient, and safe, developing mastery and expertise of a certain subject is no longer enough. Ignorance is not the issue, its ineptitude that is creating the problem. In Medicine, Gawande write,

Social awareness of the doctors has made them dedicated to their job. Since other stakeholders are delinked from the problems that face the public, the doctors have to stand in and ensure that they do their best to preserve the heath of the people. Both books demonstrate that doctors are dedicated to their jobs and invest more energy and

Arnstein discusses the level of participation from the standpoint of the recipients. She lays emphasis on how redistribution of power and enabling environment are vital in enabling citizen’s participation and that “without redistribution of power, it is an empty and frustrating process for the powerless”. In her typology, she outlines eight rungs of a ladder; they being: citizen control, delegated power, partnership, consultation, informing, placation, therapy and manipulation. According to her, citizen control and delegated power is about giving away decision-making, resources and control where there is clear lines of accountability and two-way communication between those giving away power.

Transparency is needed because everyone should have access to essential health information. Participation from the community is a component because everyone is a stakeholder. Hunt and Backman also stress equity, equality, and non-discrimination because health systems must be accessible to everyone and protected by the law. They also argue that health committee members must show respect for cultural differences. Medical care is one crucial component of a health system, but covering health determinants is equally critical in Hunt and Backman’s framework. They also cover the need for progressive realization to implement health systems effectively and account for resource accessibility. However, Hunt and Backman state that distinct from the progressive realization component are “duties of immediate effect” which requires that a list of minimum essentials be guaranteed and minimum baskets of health services for each country are adopted (84-85). There must be quality of care, and access to preventive care and effective referral systems. All health care participants should coordinate health care at the international, national, and departmental levels. There should be international cooperation in the control of infectious diseases, distribution of health findings, and international regulatory plans. Participants must cover balances between resources and rights conflicts and should fairly resolve by considering the viewpoint of the least powerful participant. Last,

There are many ways to get empowered as a member of the society and it all starts with increasing the knowledge level. The increase in knowledge ultimately results in raising the voice against medical malpractice and people are able to receive the proper compensation once malpractice cases are identified under different conditions.

development have been political, social and cultural. President Museveni of Uganda likened the advent of

(2016, May 26). Making strides to improve maternal health in Sierra Leone. Retrieved October 20, 2017, from https://www.unicef.org/childsurvival/sierraleone_91206.html

In the article The New Tyranny by William Easterly, he discusses the influence that developmental experts have and how they have empowered dictators to oppress the impoverished. The initial story Easterly told about the villagers of Mubende in Uganda is really not a surprise to me in how it was handled. Nothing was done because they do not cause a significant difference in the international field. What did matter was the forestry project. It is interesting to note that similar unjust situations happen to this all the time, but this one was highlighted by the media. Without the media taking an interest in this situation it would have never been heard about. It is like Easterly said “Now, just after the fourth anniversary of the Mubende tragedy,

According to William Easterly, the consensus on global development is an axiomatically wrong and ostentatious position. This is not new to Easterly, who spent a number of disenchanted years as a senior advisor at the World Bank. These tumultuous years would certainly help formulate Easterly’s austere perception of technocratic solutions to global poverty. Easterly’s contentious view of technocrats becomes a focused thesis in his book, The Tyranny of Experts. In this book, Easterly argues that poverty is not a “technical problem amenable to technical solutions” (Easterly 6). Instead, poverty is a manifestation of brutish leaders quashing the rights of individuals. While Easterly presents a cogent argument against top down development, the lack

The differences between standards of living in developed and developing nations have been made more evident by the rapid pace of technological innovation. Many world leaders consider the poor circumstances of developing nations to be tragedies that should be solved. Some altruistic organizations such as the World Bank have attempted to improve the conditions in developing nations through deliberate development, in which they would enable an all-encompassing plan aimed at efficiently reducing material suffering. However, in The Tyranny of Experts, Easterly argues that development approaches are flawed because they often emphasize material goods at the detriment of individual rights. Instead, he argues for giving developing nations the freedom to improve themselves by supporting democracy and personal rights. In explaining this idea, he comments on four aspects of the two differing methodologies: blank slate versus learning from history, nations versus individuals, conscious direction versus spontaneous solutions, and authoritarian rule versus free development.