Partitioning Defective Proteins ( Par6 ) And Protein Receptor C : Case Study

Using these three articles (or more), you should tell the story of the discovery and developmental function (including the relevant signaling pathway) -

In this assignment I will be describing the microstructure of a typical animal cell and the functions of the main cell components. Describing and explaining the factors the ways in which materials move in and out of cells. I will also be analysing the role of the phospholipid bilayer in terms of movement of materials in and out of cells.

After embryo development, endosperm is growth to store nutrients. This happens after double fertilization, when the triploid nucleus of the ovule’s central cell divides. This causes the formation of a milky multinucleate “supercell”. This becomes multicellular after cytokinesis. Finally, when the cell walls are completed, the endosperm becomes solid.

The major role of primary active transport is to move sodium from the cytosol of the tubule cell into the surrounding interstitial fluid surrounding the capillary.

Figure 1 [2]: The role of tubules in cell proliferation and differentiation of sperm cells.

Opitz syndrome is a disease characterized by a defect along the ventral midline of the human body. Some of these abnormalities include a cleft lip, heart defects, wide-spaced eyes (hypertelerism), laryngeal cleft, agenesis of the corpus callosum, and hypospadias. An important irregularity in patients is the effect disrupted proteins have on the corpus colloseum. The corpus colloseum is a neuronal component that separates the two halves of the brain. This protein is imperative because it controls MID-1 or the midline. The MID-1 protein also forms homodimers, which associate with microtubules in the cytoplasm, especially during fetal development. Therefore, MID-1 is involved in formation of multiprotein structures, acting as anchor points to

In an embryo, cytoplasmic determinants, material substances in an egg that influence the course of development, receive signals from the environment and neighboring cells. The uneven distribution of these molecules creates gradients that determine the orientation, such as the anterior and posterior, of the organism.

The ookinete is an elongated motile cell that possesses secretory organelles called micronemes that contain proteins involved in motility, tissue traversal, and invasion. A NIMA (never in mitosis/Aspergillus)-related protein kinase (Nek-4) is crucial for the development of ookinetes from zygotes (Reininger et al., 2005). The micronemal proteins CDPK3 (calcium-dependent protein kinase 3) (Ishino et al., 2006) and CTRP (circumsporozoite and TRAP-related protein) are involved in motility and infectivity of the ookinete (Dessens et al., 1999). Targeted disruption of CTRP drastically reduced the gliding motility of ctrp ookinetes and abolished the midgut epithelium infectivity and no oocysts were seen produced in vivo study (Yuda et al., 1999). Similarly, targeted disruption of CDPK3 generated mutant ookinetes that were immotile and failed to invade the midgut epithelium in vivo (Siden-Kiamos et al., 2006). For the successful invasion of midgut epithelium by the ookinete, they must attain gliding motility before to shift any cellular transformation. (Baum et al., 2006)

Supportive Structures Form- When an embryo forms, supportive structures develop that are crucial for proper growth. These structures support and protect these developmental embryos. Some of these structures are the umbilical cord, amniotic sac, the placenta, yolk sac, chorionic villi, and the allantois. During the third week of embryonic development after conception, chorionic villi connect to the uterine wall, which provide maximum contact with maternal blood. They sprout from chorion, are an essential element in pregnancy and a product of conception. Branches of the umbilical arteries carry embryonic blood to the villi. Although the mother’s blood is in contact with the embryo’s villi, the systems

In this experiment the effects of exogenously applied RA on early neural development of zebrafish embryos were observed. It included immunocytochemical and histochemical analysis of the developing embryos along with quantitative analysis of their anatomy. Knowing that RA is a positional signaling molecule, they wanted to observe the changes that occur to the anatomy of the zebrafish embryos at different stages when exposed to RA. Embryos at 50% epiboly and midgastrula stage were exposed to RA concentrations ranging from 10-9¬ to 10-6 M, and embryos at early and late gastrula stages were exposed to RA concentrations of 10-7 M. For immuniohistochemical analysis, antibodies 4D9, HNK-1, and MZ15 were used, HNK-1 was used as a marker of neural crest migration, MZ15 in labeling notochord tissue, and 4D9 in identifying engrailed

There has been tremendous advancement in the understanding of the blastula stage of the embryo. We knew that the blastula consists of sections of blastomeres, however with the molecular advancements, we are now able to see well defined progeny, all of which contain their own particular sets of genes. Because of this and other known information, there is so much that these researchers had going into their study.

In the year 1924 a paper was published by Hans Spemann and Hilde Mangold, this paper was known as the, “Organizer Paper” (Sander and Faessler, 2001). The Spemann- Mangold organizer, is also known as Spemann Organizer. This experiment showed the initiation of Siamese twins in a transplant experiment with salamander eggs (Robertis 2008). While doing this experiment, Mangold and Spemann called the dorsal blastopore lip in gastrulating frog embryo “the organizer”, the job of the organizer is for initiation which means 1) the organizer imitates gastrulation and also stops signals starting from the ventral side of the blastula from prompting the skin. 2) Separate the host and donor tissues into secondary embryo into an anterior-posterior and dorsal-ventral

Cell interactions play an important role in cancer progression and my research aims to learn more about how cells interact. I am studying embryo development in C. elegans since this is a time when cells normally interact and move to make sure they are in the correct part of the embryo for normal development. Since known cell adhesion factors do not appear to be solely responsible for cell interactions during development, I am hoping to identify novel genes cell interaction genes by screening for mutants where cells move to the wrong part of the embryo during development. I am observing cells that will develop to form two different tissue types, pharynx and body muscles. To increase the chance of observing mutant interactions, I am using

Just like it is in birds the beginning of gastrulation is marked by the appearance of a primitive streak at week two. This occurs within the third week. The primitive streak determines determines the body's midline. During this point the placenta is formed which produces cells that aid in the formation of the embryo. Some cells develop into an outer layer of membranes called the chorion around the blastocyst. Other cells develop into an inner layer of membranes called the amnion. The blastocyst is then considered an embryo. The amniotic sac fills with amniotic fluid. The embryo is within this fluid, floating within

Epithelial cells (ECs) are the structural unit of epithelium, a tissue type that is responsible for lining the inner and outer surfaces of the body, as well as formation of many glands, including endocrine, exocrine, serous, mucous, and sebaceous. ECs are polarized, with the apical surface facing the lumen and the basal surface anchoring to a specialized extracellular matrix (ECM) layer, known as the basal lamina which separates epithelial cell from underlying tissues. To maintain the physical and functional integrity of the epithelium, ECs are also laterally linked to one another through cell-to-cell adhesion molecules (CAM), most importantly, members of the cadherin family. As a result, ECs within an ordinary epithelium have very limited mobility. Nevertheless, non-pathological epithelial plasticity does occur, for example, in neurulation – an important morphogenetic movement during embryogenesis. In these circumstances, ECs tend to move in group and the integrity of the whole layer is not compromised.