Parvovirus B19 : A Case Report And Review Of The Literature

The beginning of my week started out with a very stressful situation that led me to an obstacle that I would have to overcome. The weather was miserable and that intensified how I felt. It was windy and pouring rain as I drove to the veterinarian's office in a panic. The problem was that our puppy suddenly became ill with virus like symptoms and appeared to be dying. I knew what the culprit was and have seen how horrible canine parvo virus can be. My next few decisions would reveal the puppies fate.

Parvovirus-Fever, nasal discharge, bright red cheeks appears similar to a slapped cheek, 2-4 days later a lacy type of rash appears trunk and limbs.

I’m pretty sure that once in your life you have heard the word or term “Parvovirus”, or in its shortened form, “Parvo”. Likely, if you have heard of this word you know it isn’t a great one. Canine Parvovirus is a severe life threatening virus, hence the name, found in dogs of nearly any size and usually found in dogs 6 months or younger. The Parvovirus attacks blood cells and sharply affects the intestines. In 1967 the parvovirus was discovered and given the name CPV-1 and at the later period of 1978 a new kind of Parvovirus was discovered and called CPV-2. CPV-2 is the main form of the Parvovirus that is still seen today. Other varying animals that Parvo is found in are coyotes, foxes, and wolves. In this essay I will discuss how Parvo is contracted, the symptoms of Parvo, how you the owner can help your dog if symptoms are shown, how to avoid your dog contracting the Parvovirus, and how it is treated.

The typical clinical presentation of canine parvovirus enteritis (CPV) is the devastating symptoms. The symptoms may include: Acute foul smelling bloody diarrhea and acute vomiting / hemorrhagic gastroenteritis (HGE), extreme lethargy, depression, loss or lack of appetite / anorexia, some have a fever, most decrease in body temperature / hypothermia and feel slightly rigid, increased heart rate, decreased white blood cell count, septicemia possibility, intestinal wall damage, intestinal flora destroyed, decreased electrolytes, shock,

Through the years an issue that requires consistent exploration is the study of biology: the study of life. Biology is a fundamental study which allows those who research it to better understand how life works and what happens inside the body to threaten that life. Such threats come in microscopic forms such as viruses. These viruses are so dangerous that they are designated to their own category of biology.

Organ samples were collected and stored in 10% formalin, and then submitted for immunohistochemical analysis (Garigliany). Immunohistochemical staining (IHC) is a method used for detecting antigens such as proteins in cells of a tissue section (Vara). Two types of antibodies, monoclonal and polyclonal, were used to detect specific antigens. A commercial mouse monoclonal anti-parvovirus antibody and a polyclonal rabbit anti-human 〖p27〗^Kip1 antibody were used as primary antibodies while goat anti-mouse or goat anti-rabbit serum was used as the secondary antibody (Garigliany). The binding of these antibodies to the antigen was observed using the peroxidase anti-peroxidase method. Diaminobenzidine was also used as the chromogen and sections were counterstained with Mayer hematoxylin (Garigliany). Cerebellar sections of an FPV infected cats with underdeveloped cerebellum were used as the positive control for the anti-parvovirus immunochemistry while sections of a fetal cerebellum were used as the positive control for the anti-〖p27〗^Kip1 immunochemistry

Early diagnosis of these serious complications is important, as aggressive antiviral treatment can be effective.

Secondary skin lesions can be seen in infections by viral families such as paramyxoviruses, togaviruses, retroviruses, picornaviruses and parvoviruses. Furthermore, a myriad of diverse cutaneous diseases appear to be viral exanthemas, but no viral etiologic agent has been causatively linked to its appearance (one such example is pityriasis rosea).

A pre-transplant population with low number of dendritic cells has been identified as having increased risk of BKV viraemia post-transplantation [36]. Dendritic cells play an important role in antigen presentation and T-cell activation process. Thus, reduced dendritic cells could lead to weakened BKV immune responses. This suggests that BKVAN development possibly relates to an innate immunity defect allowing BKV disease. Other innate immune modes, including host antimicrobial defensins and antiviral cytokines, are also important for BKV control [37]. Defensins are small peptides that have been shown to prevent infection of both enveloped and non-enveloped viruses. BKV infection is inhibited by human alpha defensin 5 through direct interaction with the virus particle, leading to aggregation and limited cellular adhesion [37]. Cytokines can also control BKV infection. BKV replication is inhebited by interferon-γ via inhibition of viral transcription by an unclear mechanism [38], although another study showed that BKV did not induce cytokine gene expression [39]. This indicates that BKV may possess mechanisms to escape innate

Parvovirus B19 is a virus that commonly infects humans. The mode of transmission is through droplet infection. The infection also can be spread through contact, as well as transmitted from a woman to her fetus. The most common illness caused by B19 is the fifth disease, which is a mild, rash illness occurred mostly in children. About 20 percent of children with this disease has no symptoms. But, in others, early in the infection there may be cold like symptoms. Two to five days later the child typically develops a slapped cheek rash on the face and a lacy red rash on the trunk and limbs. The child may not feel very sick even though the rash is itchy. The rash disappears after seven to ten days, but it can come and go for several weeks, especially

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a quite common virus that belongs to the herpesviruses family and affects about 50-80 percent of U.S. adults by the time they reach middle age. Although it is very common, most people acquire the virus after they are born and then never develop any symptoms or complications. Therefore, most people often do not even know they have the virus and go on to lead healthy lives. However, if the virus is passed from a pregnant mother to her unborn child (fetus), it can become a much more serious issue (CDC, 2013, p. Overview).

A 12-year-old girl presents as a transfer from an inpatient unit with a five day history of fever and rash. Initial symptoms included soreness under the left axilla associated with chills and low-grade temperatures of 100.5° F. Repeated visits to multiple physicians yielded a diagnosis of viral syndrome due to non-specific findings on examinations and a negative radiograph of the left shoulder and negative rapid flu test. The soreness progressively worsened with rapid development of a red, sunburn-like rash spreading from the axilla to the torso. Development of this rash coincided with abrupt onset of fever up to 103.5° F, headache, chills, and several episodes of vomiting the day of admission. She was admitted and started on piperacillin/tazobactam

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a double stranded DNA virus that causes no to mild flu-like symptoms in normal individuals. However, it can cause severe disease in immunocompromised patients. CMV is a major cause for birth defects. Infants who develop congenital CMV infection experience seizures, intellectual disability, muscle weakness, and hearing loss. According to the National CMV Foundation, 1 in every 150 babies are infected with CMV per year, making it one of the most common congenital viral infection in the United States. In previous studies, researchers found poliovirus can bind to the lipopolysaccharide of enteric bacteria. By doing so, the poliovirus enhances infectivity and association with the host cell. Inspired by these findings, our

Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) type 6 or 11 is most common causative organism for benign epithelial tumors of the upper respiratory tract termed as papilloma1. Both adults and children can have this problem. Infants and children may present with wheezing, hoarseness, or stridor. In children between two to five years of age, the diagnosis is made by inspection of the larynx. The goals of treatment are debulking, improvement of the voice and remission of the papillomas2. Pediatric patients require multiple treatments, most commonly with the CO2 LASER.

As reported in a study at United States (U.S.) that the leading cause of transplant recipients to be hospitalized is infection diseases, around 70% of the renal transplant recipients (RTR) will experience at least one infection incident by 3 years (3, 4). The United States Renal Data System (USRDS) in 2008 has reported that the number of hospitalization’s rate of RTR per 100 patients increased from 5.9% in 2001-2003 to 6.5% in 2004-2006, while the hospitalization’s rate for other causes are decreased (3, 5). Viral infections are among the most common causes of opportunistic infections after transplantation in RTR. It is potentially cause graft failure as well as mortality and morbidity (6, 7). One of the most frequent pathogen seen in transplant recipients is Cytomegalovirus (CMV). The infection mostly occurs within the first 3 months after transplantation and affects more than 50% of RTR (8-10). Moreover, some studies have shown that CMV infection is associated with shorter renal graft survival and increased risk of post-transplant diabetes mellitus