Patellar Fractures

Matt recently got hired for a new job that requires him to get a physical exam prior to starting work. During the exam, the physician checked the reflexes of his lower limb to test for peripheral neuropathies, including his knee and his ankle. Explain the anatomy of the knee joint. Include bones (and projections of bones), ligaments, tendons, cartilaginous structures, arteries, and nerves.

The most common injuries that many adolescents receive are contusions and strains (Adirim & Cheng, 2003). The ankle and the knee are the most commonly injured areas followed by less common injuries of the hand, wrist, elbow, shin, calve, clavicle, head, and neck (Adirim & Cheng, 2003). Sever’s disease is an injury to the heel whereas Little League elbow affects the elbow joint. Contact sports such as hockey and football report more contusion injuries due to the collisions that happen during the game (Adirim & Cheng, 2003). In contrast, non-contact sports such as running, soccer, and basketball report more muscle strain injuries. When an athlete is repetitively using their elbow, an injury called, Little League elbow may occur.

The acute management of lateral patella dislocation is not entirely agreed upon in the literature. Some research suggests that immobilization for a few weeks is best, while others suggest that weight bearing as soon as possible is the most beneficial (Rhee et al. 2012). It is however, agreed that some form of walking assistance, such as crutches, should be used until normal gait can be achieved (Sillanpää 2010). For a first time dislocation, it is likely that hemarthrosis, or severe swelling, of the knee will occur (Sillanpää 2010). Following the RICE principle, rest, ice, compression and elevation, is best utilized to decrease swelling and other inflammation symptoms (Rhee et al. 2012).

A torn ACL is one of the most serious and common knee injuries. Many aspects play a role in the treatment and rehabilitation of this injury. This paper will discuss the anatomy of the knee, describe a torn ACL, and the rehabilitation.

A tibial plateau fracture is a break in the top of the bone that forms the bottom of the knee joint (tibia or shin bone). The lower end of the thigh bone (femur) forms the upper surface of the knee joint. The top of the tibia has a flat, smooth surface (tibial plateau). This part of the shin bone is made of softer bone than the end of the femur bone. If a strong force pushes the femur down into the tibial plateau, the tibial plateau can collapse or break away at the edges.

This paper is a review of rehabilitation for patellar dislocation. Patellar dislocation occurs when the patella slips out of the patellofemoral (trochlear) groove, most often laterally (Cheatham, Kolber, & Hanney, 2014; Enix, Sudkamp, & Scali, 2015). This can occur from direct trauma such as sudden mechanical forces exerted on the patella (Respizzi, & Cavallin, 2014; Duignan & McGibney et.al., 2016). The injury can also be the result of indirect trauma such as when the foot is fixed on the ground and biomechanical abnormalities of the lower leg come into effect (Respizzi & Cavallin et.al., 2014 et.al., 2014; Duignan & McGibney et.al., 2016). Lateral patellar dislocation primarily affects younger active populations (between 10 and 17 years old) and usually occurs due to injury during physical activity (Balcarek, Oberthür, Frosch, Schüttrumpf, & Stürmer 2014; Ménétrey, Putman, & Gard, 2014; Tsai, Hsu, Hung, & Hsu, 2012; Lehman, Beckman, & Craig, 1989; Calapodopulos, Nogueira, Eustáquio, Calapodopulos Júnior, & Rodrigues, 2016; Petri, 2015; Cheatham et.al., 2014; Enix et.al., 2015). 55%-72% of first-time patellar dislocations occur from sports (Tsai et.al., 2012; Petri et.al., 2015). Studies have also shown that women are more prone to patellar dislocations than men (Vitale, 2016; Tsai et.al., 2012; Duignan & McGibney, 2016; Calapodopulos, 2016; Cheatham et.al., 2014; Enix et.al., 2015). In a statistical analysis of sports medicine clinics, 30% of the patients had

Of the pediatric patients with forearm fracture included in this study, there were 32 male and 13 female patients with a mean age of 9 years (range: 5-15). The right forearm was fractured in 27 patients, and 23 patients suffered fracture of the left forearm. Only those fractures that involved the middle third of the radius and ulna were included in the study. Both bones were fractured in 32 (71.11%) patients. The radius only was fractured in ten (22.22%) patients, and the ulna only was fractured in three (6.66%). There were seven (15.55%) open fractures (Gustilo and Anderson Type I). All patients had isolated forearm fractures without associated injuries. The mechanism of injury was

The primary cause of a fracture is trauma from car accidents, sports injuries and falls. The trauma may be a direct blow to the bone or an indirect force from muscle contractions or pulling on the bone. Other factors that may contribute to fractures include: vigorous exercise, malnutrition, genetic factors, and osteoporosis. The most common cause of a distal radius fracture is falling onto an outstretched arm (Ignatavicius & Workman, 2013). “Wrist fractures of the distal radius are common and may present special problems for the surgeon and therapist. There are several categories of distal radius fractures, but the Colles fracture of the distal radius is the most common injury to the wrist and may result in limitations in wrist flexion and extension, as well as forearm pronation and supination, resulting from the involvement of the distal radioulnar joint” (Early, p.613).

The studies have shown that one of the most seen cause of the death, immobility among the elderly population is the proximal femoral fractures. A notable number of the patients who had femoral fracture won’t be able to return to their pre-fracture functional condition. Within a year after surgery, less than 50% of the patients can walk without help, and only 40% can perform their ADLs activities independently.

Usually pelvic bone fracture, depending on the intensity of trauma and the type of treatment (operative or conservative), heals in a period of 6-8 weeks. This is the normal time for any bony structure to heal in body. But, considering the diet and the status of bone density before fracture, the healing period may increase upto 12 weeks. So, with adequate rehabilitation, at maximum, your son will be able to walk without crutches in 3 months, after fracture. For him to consider football, diving, or other sports, he must wait for a period of 6 months and during this period, must consult a sports physician so that a proper exercise and training program is

For this week’s forum I have decided to discuss Femoral Stress Fractures. My son who is now seven, had a terrible accident last winter. He ran top speed into the kitchen, the floor had just been mopped. He tried to pivot to turn into his room and didn't quite make it. Seeing the pain, he went through in this experience taught me allot about the femur bone and some of its characteristics. The femur is one of the strongest bones in our body. It is uncommon to break this bone as easily as he did. Without knowing him at all, the doctors took one look and called cops because of this type of break. The bone wasn't fractured it was completely broken. I know my son and I know how he gets when he is off his ADHD medication. This being one of those times, he was out of control that day, constantly running in the house despite our constant warning him to not run in the house. I wasn't surprised when I read in chapter 21 that femoral stress fractures were also uncommon.

(Committee on Sports Medicine and Fitness, 2000; Malina, 2010) In both overuse (such as stress fracture) and sports injuries, the chances of damaging epiphyseal growth centres increase dramatically; which causes concern for the young children and how they grow. Committee on Sports Medicine and Fitness, 2000) At the ages these kids are participating at, tendons and ligaments are most likely stronger than physeal plates resulting in fractures. (Committee on Sports Medicine and Fitness, 2000) With the fracturing of growth centres, growth arrest and deformity are more probable. (Committee on Sports Medicine and Fitness,

Scapular fracture is uncommon in horses. Because of the appropriate protection of scapula by muscles, fractures mostly occur through the acromion process near the shoulder joint (1,2,3,4). Fractures can occur as a result of direct damage such as falling heavily to one side or not often as a result of a misstep. Fracture of the blade or body of scapula is rare (1) and can occur in racehorses as stress fractures of the scapula. Frequency of fractures is equal in both forelimbs of horses (5). Due to the significant role of scapular fractures in lameness and poor performance in horses, early diagnosis is highly desirable. . Scapular fractures involving acromion process can be recognized by radiography. Because of the superimposition of the thorax

There are three most popular types of some causes of fractures. The first type is called Trauma. Trauma is, “a fall, a motor vehicle accident, or a tackle during a football game can all result in fractures” (“Fractures (Broken Bones)”). Trauma is basically something that is an accident that causes a fracture. As found in research, some traumas can be falls, vehicle accidents, or even tackles in any sport; it doesn’t have to be football, since there are tackles in almost any sports. Traumas are popular as there are many accidents going on in this world, nowadays. The second type is called Osteoporosis. “Osteoporosis is a disorder of the bones, which weakens a bone, making a bone more likely to break” (“Fractures (Broken Bones)”). Osteoporosis

There are two groups of reflexes in the human body, with two ways to categorize each of them. Reflexes can either be inborn and connected through the nervous system, or they can be learned through practice. Another way to explain a reflexive category would be autonomic reflexes or somatic reflexes. Autonomic reflexes are those which are unaware to us and act on visceral organs of the body, whereas somatic reflexes involve skeletal muscle stimulation. Both types of reflexes are put into effect via the nervous system. (1)