Patent Ductus Arteriosus Research Paper

AS can occur in the congenital period or later in life, but is more common in adults due to lack of exercise, and nutrition causing calcium buildup. If it is congenital it will occur within the first eight weeks of pregnancy, which the cause is unknown. In a child with AS, the pressure is much higher than normal in the left chamber pumping. Blood that has leaked back into the left ventricle through the valve in between heartbeats, causing the ventricle to be enlarged. There are three stages of AS. Stage A occurs in patients with bicuspid aortic valve or aortic sclerosis who are symptom free but are at risk for AS. In stage B people have progressive AS with mild or moderate calcify valve leaflets, leaflets mobility, or mild or

Congenital heart disease(CHD) is defined as a problem with the hearts structure and function that is present at birth.According to the center of disease control and prevention CHDs affect nearly 1% of―or about 40,000―births per year in the United States.1,2. Congenital heart disease is often considered to be a childhood condition. With the advances made it surgical treatment most children who would have died from this condition in the past are now able to survive well into adulthood and live relatively normal lives. Common symptoms are abnormal heart rhythms, bluish tint to the skin(cyanosis), shortness of breath, tiring quickly upon exertion,dizziness or fainting and possible swelling of body tissues or organs. Currently researchers are unsure as to what causes

Heredity plays a role in atrial septal defect because of gene abnormalities and environmental exposure that heighten the chance of a child inheriting it. Although most ASD occur by chance with no clear cause, scientists are still searching for a reason to why it occurs. Some symptoms of atrial septal defect after birth include recurrent respiratory or lung infections, trouble in breathing, feeling drained when feeding (infants), being out of breath when doing physically intensive activities, missed heartbeats, heart murmurs, swelling of limbs such as feet, legs, or stomach areas, or getting a stroke. Detection can be done during of after the baby is born. During pregnancy, it may be seen during an ultrasound but it usually depends on the size of the hole and its location. In many cases, ASD is not detected until adulthood, in which detection can be done through x-rays or physical examination which is done with a stethoscope to check for heart murmurs. Treatment may not be necessary in most cases of ASD as the hole in the septum closes during childhood but more severe cases will require treatment. Medications can be used to reduce the signs of symptoms and infections as well as aiding the heart to

Additionally, using a stethoscope, a doctor will often hear a heart murmur caused by the blood blowing through the atrial septal defect. It is not uncommon for a murmur to not be detected right at birth. PAPVR isn 't hereditary but is a result of when the veins don 't come together and grow properly

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A rare congenital defect, HLHS is characterized by an underdevelopment of structures of the left side of the heart, including the left ventricle, mitral valve, aorta, and aortic arch. The aortic and mitral valves may either be severely stenosed or completely absent. Altered heart structure interferes with normal outflow of oxygenated blood from the left side of the heart, and survival is dependent on a functioning right ventricle and

Isolated case reports, however, provide the only information about the evolution in the uterus of this spectrum of diseases in the second and third trimesters, and they suggest potential progression in the degree of left heart hypoplasia. Therefore, in the present study, the researchers retrospectively reviewed the prenatal and postnatal echocardiograms of 21 fetuses with left heart obstructive lesions. Table 1 shows the research that was found on the 21 fetuses (Hornberger et al; 1995). The researcher also attempted to identify prenatal features that could indicate the severity of postnatal left heart obstruction and hypoplasia. Fetuses were divided into groups according to whether postnatally the left heart was capable or incapable of supporting the systemic circulation in the presence of a patent aortic valve. Group 3 included fetuses with aortic atresia. At the initial examination, left heart dimensions were normal or reduced, with the most unusually small measurements in group 3. Three fetuses in group 2 and most in group 1 had normal initial left heart dimensions. Subsequent growth of left heart structures either paralleled normal growth or was reduced, the latter resulting in the development or progression of left heart hypoplasia. All left heart dimensions grew more slowly in group 2 and group 3 than in group 1. Other prenatal features observed only in groups 2 and 3 included reversed or bidirectional foramen ovale flow and retrograde distal arch flow. Initial mid-trimester mitral valve and the growth rates of all left heart structures correlated strongly with postnatal left ventricular end-diastolic dimension, there could be additional indicators of postnatal disease severity. In group 1, one fetus developed severe aortic stenosis late in

Coarctation of the aorta(COA) is a common congenital heart defect that is found in 6-8% of infants with congenital heart disease,and is more common in males than females. Risk factors associated with COA includes presence of heart defects including patent ductus arteriosus, ventricular septal defect, or abnormalities of the mitral, bicuspid, or aortic valves and the Turner syndrome in females.

Keywords: brain natriuretic peptide (BNP); bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD); patent ductus arteriosus (PDA); persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN)

People with clogged arteries do not often show symptoms. Until a major event happens. Such as a heart attack or stroke. My dad had two clogged arteries. Which he than had to get surgery. I felt devastated when, I heard the news that my dad needed surgery. When someone needs hurt surgery, there is always a possibility that they won't make it. Seeing as my dad is the most important person in my life (other than my fiancee) it defiantly hurt. The process my dad want through. The emotional way it made me fell, mentally and psychically, and what also happen to my step mom while taking care of my dad.

The pulmonary valve is one of the semi lunar valve next to aortic valve, lying between the right ventricle and the Pulmonary artery which takes deoxygenated blood from the body and pumps it into the heart. Generally tricuspid, the pulmonary valve is considered simpler in anatomical sense. A semi lunar valve separates a ventricle from a blood vessel which the ventricle leads into in its flow path of blood. The absence of chordae tendinae is prominent in the semilunar valves. The pulmonary leaflets are names based on the anatomic orientation to the aortic valve faces that lie adjacent to the pulmonary trunk. The commissures of the right and left leaflets are supported by the supraventricular crest of the right ventricle which separates the pulmonary valve from the tricuspid valve. The left cusp is in the anterior region of the interventricular septum while the anterior cusp is located on the delicate wall of the pulmonary conus. Meanwhile the right cusp is on the

Congenital heart diseases (CHDs) are the most prevalent of all birth defects and the leading cause of death in the first year of life, (1) with an annual prevalence ranging from six to twelve affected infants per 1,000 live births. (2)

The cause is really not known. This is also a cyanotic heart defect. The baby will have a grey or blue appearance in the lips and fingers. The symptoms are a heart murmur, breathing problems, SOB, rapid breathing, difficulty eating or

Other defects or anomalies can greatly affect the pathophysiology such as coarctation of the aorta with ventricular septal defect, which is a defect in the septal wall causing the heart to have to work even harder. Another common anomaly is coarctation of the aorta with patent ductus arteriosus, which is a hole in the aorta causing the blood to skip a necessary step for circulation. The more cardiac defects the patient has the more complications the patient will incur and creating a more difficult or risky medical and/or surgical intervention, or long term affects that may require medications, or additional surgeries later in life.

Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), one of the more common cardiac defects at birth, is the persistence of an opening between the pulmonary artery and the descending thoracic aorta. This opening is as a result of failure of the physiological fetus ductus arteriosus to close, which normally occurs soon after birth. This hole allows for oxygenated blood from the aorta to mix with oxygen-depleted blood from the pulmonary artery. As a consequence, significant strain is placed on the heart and pressure within the lungs’ arteries is dramatically increased.