Patenting And Technology Entrepreneurship : Issues, Challenges And Strategic Essay

The amount of patent filings for scientific and technological innovations is a relevant category in regards to producing the superpower index. The reason for this is because it is indicative of quaternary sector employment, which generally equates to higher income due to the high standard of research that can be gathered and then sold on to other countries at a high price. Additionally, a large number of patents enables a country to become dominant sellers of a product, therefore allowing them to be the main exporter, increasing the country’s cultural influence; this also allows a country to gain a large profit. The factor of population is significant here, as a large population may result in a large number of researchers, and therefore a large number of entrepreneurs, contributing to a countrys’ influence on global markets. The figure shows that the USA has the highest ranking in regards to this factor, highlighting its superpower status as the country has 391,000 patents and innovations compared to the lowest ranked country of Brazil, which only has 4,750.

Proponents of patent reform largely focus on the cost of patent infringement litigation to the U.S. economy and companies. While some argue that the type of patents issued should be limited in order to uphold the intent of Article I, Section 8, others claim that standards for issuing patents should be strengthened in order to reduce the number of costly patent infringement lawsuits. The cost of litigation and standards for issuing a patent is the focus of the proceeding text and justification for patent reform in the United States.

It is intended both to provide thumbnail descriptions of the various intellectual property regimes to economists working in this area and to indicate where additional economic research might be useful. The other papers in this symposium provide important examples of ongoing research on the economics of intellectual property. Suzanne Scotchmer analyzes the complex effects of patent protection when innovation is cumulative. Rather than analyzing situations in which several firms vie to develop the same innovation-the approach of the "patent race" literature-her analysis examines circumstances in which only one firm can develop an initial innovation but others can also build upon it. She focuses on how the incentive to develop both the initial and subsequent inventions may be affected by the scope of patent protection. Janusz Ordover considers ways of adjusting the patent system that may help to both provide returns to the inventor, and encourage the diffusion of the innovation in the economy. His paper is part of a line of work that explores the place of the intellectual property system among the large number of institutions that affect the amount and nature of research and development that takes place. In the final paper, David

Legally issued by governments so patented inventions can inspire others and offer advantages because they are available to everyone but all proprietorship rights are reserved.

In spite of an unpredictable economy, African entrepreneur ideas are responsible for many changes that you will see in 2017. Inasmuch as enterprise creates opportunities for others, I won't lie, the path is a lonely and imperfect one. Although this may be true, the rewards are well worth the long nights and maxed out credit cards.

Base on this week’s reading, the biotechnology researches are need to be protected by patent because of the high cost. Like other patented pharmaceutical medicine, Patent will encourage researchers to develop gene based products, make more specify, more human tolerated medicine and make more diseases

The arguments and findings of the reports can be cross-linked to a number of important concepts in the theory behind science and technology policy. The main concepts that will be used to analyze the finding of the report are the linearity model versus the innovation space and the push-pull concept between R&D and businesses. The linear model of innovation describes as a chain of supply and demand starting with science and ending with economic growth. The science acts a suppler for the demand of technology, and technology supplies the demand of businesses in order to be innovative. The end result of an innovative business is perceived as a contributor to the increase in productivity and as a result economic growth. On the other hand, the concept of innovation space or the innovation ecosystem as referred to in the report regards innovation as the output of an integrated

Introduction A patent is a right, a monopoly of limited duration, in most cases it is for 20 years. It is a right that prohibits other persons from making, using, selling or importing an invention. An invention is one thing, a way of doing something, which is new, useful, and which does not already exist in nature in the same form. There are several types of patent, but the one we are interested in is the biological patent, which is a patent on an invention in the field of biology that allows the patent holder to prevent others from making it from using it, selling it or importing it. The regulation of biological patents varies from country to country and may include biological technologies and products. Genetically modified organisms and genetic material. The patents of each country are valid only for that country. Thus, a Canadian patent is only valid in Canada and has no application in Germany and may contain specific rights, different from German patents. Each country grants its own patents, but there are several broad principles that are common to all patent systems. A set of international agreements establishes certain general standards that apply to patents; such as the duration of the monopoly, the

Technology enriches our society by making widely available new and useful goods, services, and technical information . Clearly, as a society, we would want to encourage the development of technology so that we can reap the benefits they offer us. Innovators require an incentive to invent and share these technologies with the rest of society. This incentive is achieved by granting intellectual property rights (IPR) to inventors . More specifically, the incentive is usually achieved by granting patents to inventors .

A patent is a copyright protection issued by the government for an invention, which prevents others from stealing their idea. Profit can also be made off of this idea for a certain period of time with a patent.

The U.S. constitution gave Congress the power to “ promote the devellopment of the useful arts” by granting exclusive rights to inventers for a limited period of time. The purpose of a patent was to assurre the rights of the creators in exchange for not keeping these inventions secret, thus overall knowledge base grows.

All of this innovation needed entrepreneurs to use capital to put the inventions to work, and

In terms of the level of the starting position, Garud and Karnoe (2003) labelled technological paths as "bricolage", which stood for a low-tech start approach, and "breakthrough" the opposite. They also attributed the development of technologies to the involvement of a multiplicity of actors including people in the domains of design, use, evaluation and regulation. Actors interact in different ways and generate different functions accordingly.

A patent is an exclusive right granted for an invention, product or process that provides a new way of doing something, or that offers a new technical solution to a problem. An invention in general must fulfill certain criteria in order to be protected by a patent. For example, the Patents Act, 1970 in S. 2(1) (j) defines invention as a new product or process involving an inventive step and capable of industrial application. In other words, an invention in order to be patentable must show an element of novelty, must show “an inventive step”, and must be of practical use. Particularly, the Patents Act, 1970 defines “inventive step” as a feature of an invention that involves technical advance as compared to the existing knowledge or having economic significance or both and that makes the invention not obvious to a person skilled in the art. In other words, patent rights are not available for new advances that are merely obvious extensions or modifications of prior designs. Besides, the requirement of difference over prior art, there is a requirement to establish the extent of common general knowledge that exists while

Therefore, protection of patents is one of the key conditions necessary for further development of the pharmaceutical industry. At the same time, non-efficient legislation that does not provide the necessary level of patent protection is one of the factors that hamper expansion of “Big Pharmaceutical” companies to the developing countries8.