Pathogens: Viruses And Eukaryotic Organisms

Bacterial and fungi infections are easy to cure with the use of antibiotics, where as viruses can be hard to cure or vaccinate against, such as the common cold. Bacteria can be found everywhere and anywhere Soil, Water, Plants, Animals, material and even deep in the earth's crust. Bacteria feed themselves by making there food with the use of sunlight and water. We would not be able to live without Bacteria. The human body consists of lots of friendly bacteria which also protect us from dangerous ones by occupying places in the body. Some of the most deadly diseases and devastating epidemics in human history have

Bloodborne pathogens are viruses that deteriorate cells within the body. A virus is a submicroscopic parasitic organism that feeds on cells. Viruses are dependent on cells for their nutrients so the virus survive and reproduce. Every virus consists of

Pathogens are everywhere. They are in people, animals, and the environment. Pathogens come in a wide variety. The types are fungal, bacterial, viral, and other parasites. All pathogens can be dangerous, but two of them are more dangerous. These two types that more dangerous are fungal and bacterial. While both fungal and bacterial pathogens cause illness, they differ in the way they are transmitted, the way they are treated, and the diseases they cause.

Infections can be spread through many things, these include; food borne infection, person to person, water borne infection, airborne infection, insect borne infection and fomites.

Indirect transmission of infectious organisms involves vehicles and vectors which carry disease agents from the source to the host.

It 's bad or infectious bacteria that cause illness as they rapidly reproduce and produce a toxin that kills or mutates cells, bacteria is also self sufficient.

- sexual contact (pathogens transmitted in any sexual contact, which can cause e.g. HIV, gonorrhoea),

Based on research and observation, we now know that infectious diseases are caused by microorganisms (pathogens) and that the immune system provides defense against infectious diseases.

 What is the infectious agent (pathogen) that causes this infectious disease? For example, the name of the bacteria, virus, or parasite.

A communicable disease chain is the mechanism by which an infective agent or pathogen is transmitted. The chain requires an infective agent, a source of infection, a mode of transmission and a host. An example of an infective agent could be bacteria, a virus, fungus, protozoan or helminth. The source of infective agents can be transmission from host to host, an infected human or animal, insects, soil or livestock. The mode of transmission is how the infective agent is carried from host to host. Transmission can be by air, ingestion or physical contact. To complete a life cycle or to replicate, the infective agent requires a host.

A pathogen also known as an infectious agent, is an organism which causes illness or disease to its host. There are many different kinds of pathogens and the main ones are bacteria, fungi and virus. In this report I will be mentioning two pathogens which are caused by a particular bacteria, Mycobacterium Tuberculosis (MTB) and Whooping Cough. I will be explaining TB in detail and whooping cough briefly.

The word pathogen comes from the Greek words pathos , meaning to suffer and genus to cause. Indeed a pathogen can be defined as an agent causing disease in the host. Although the human immune system has evolved to deal with encountered infectious agents, the pathogens evolve alongside making it a race of who stays on top. Looking at the variety of the modern worlds disease-causing agents one could say, that perfect pathogens will be those, that remain an issue despite human efforts to eradicate them or those that cause the most death cases. Yet the pathogens only purpose is to multiply in number and spread, thus one could be looking at the number of new cases as a possible measure of pathogenicity. A perfect pathogen should be easily

CRISPR loci are first identified in archaea and bacteria when they systematically drew attention from scientists with their biological function to fight phages and viruses (Hsu, Lander, Zhang, 2014). Structurally, a clustered set of Cas (CRISPR-associated) genes and a unique CRISPR array constitute the CRISPR loci. The CRISPR array was further comprised of short repetitive sequence interspaced by distinctive sequences (spacers) in correspondence with exogenous genetic bits (protospacer). The natural CRISPR systems in bacteria and archaea carried out their adaptive antiviral immunity by following a three-step mechanism, namely acquisition of spacers, crRNA biogenesis, and interference.

Viruses are especially adept at this. Helical viruses look rod shaped under a microscope and can be fixed or flexible (Gillen, 2007). Viruses lack the power to make up proteins and metabolize sugars and need a host to live. Viruses locally invade membranous tissue, replicates and grows and finally causes infection in the target organ (skin, lungs, or nervous system). The virus then opens to the bloodstream after injecting their DNA into a cell, bursting from the cell, destroying the cell and then continuing to infect other cells (Sompayrac, 2002). A central component of a viruses’ structure which allow it to operate as a pathogen is its antigens [See: Figure 1]. Viruses are refined in their power to adapt and mutate their antigens through antigenic variation which prevents the immune system from seeing the correct antibody, giving the virus time to spread (Craig and Scherf, 2003). HIV is a virus which prevents CD4+ cells (Th cells) from activating the body’s immune response, through cell signalling. Thus, when a virus enters the body, it can dominate the immune system in an HIV+ host; allowing for opportunistic infections, such as pneumonia, which can kill. Thus, the nature of viral infections is etiologic to a virus causing disease in hosts with a deficient immune system. In HIV, the virus remains latent in cells until viral transcription and translation

Since then many studies and investigations have been designed around pathogenic microorganisms to gain a developed and scientific understanding of how they function, what factors affect their growth, what diseases they cause and how to reduce the amount present in an environment. (Sielearning.tafensw, 2017)