Pathophysiology Of A Common Form Of Diabetes Mellitus

Type II Diabetes, also known as diabetes mellitus, is also called non-insulin-dependent diabetes or aadult onset diabetes. It is a medical disorder that, due to a number of factors codependent with the modern world, is characterized by higher than normal blood glucose levels that play havoc with insulin deficiency and resistance. Insulin resistance means that cells do not respond appropriately when there is free insulin in the blood system. Essentially, they body is reacting to an improper balance of sugars and insulin. Because obesity is often present, research suggests that even thought the mechanisms controling glucose and insulin are unclear, the adopose tissue likely

Type 1 diabetes is well known disease, some of us or someone we know are the victim of this chronic illness. There are controversial explanation such as, genetic susceptibility and in contrary, environmental factors that are viral infection, prenatal and neonatal influence, nitrate in drinking water, (Norris et al, 2003) early exposure to cow’s milk towards why the immune system destroy the insulin producing beta cell. In this essay, I will be discussing about the pathophysiology of type 1 diabetes and how it affect the homeostasis of our normal functioning body. In subject to Carol, I will be explaining the signs and symptoms of the illness and also the possible effects to her developing foetus and herself.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) is the most common form of diabetes (American Diabetes Association, 2012). T2D is so prevalent that it is estimated to be the fifth most common cause of death worldwide (Yates, Jarvis, Troughton, and JaneDavies, 2009, p. 1). T2D manifests when the body is unable to metabolize glucose properly, resulting in elevated blood sugar, debilitating fatigue, and other serious complications such as distal limb amputations, kidney failure, and blindness. The generally accepted causes of T2D include diet, sedentary lifestyle, and obesity.

The increase in the prevalence of type 2 diabetes is causing huge health problem through out the world including developed countries. Mostly people with low income groups are affected in developed countries (Zimmet 2001).The magnitude of the healthcare problem of type 2 diabetes results mainly from its association with obesity and cardiovascular risk factors. Indeed, type 2 diabetes has now been identified as one manifestation of the “metabolic syndrome”, a condition characterised by insulin resistance and associated with a range of cardiovascular factors (Jonathan 2003)

Insulin resistance is the first physiological change occurring in type two diabetes. In these type two diabetic patients, insulin is unable to move glucose into liver, kidney and muscle cells although insulin is able to attach properly to the cell surface receptors. In order to rectify this, most patients with type two diabetes start secreting normal to very high levels of insulin, which can initially overcome this resistance. After a while, the pancreas cannot keep up with this high insulin production and the cells become resistant to glucose intake. Persistent hyperglycemia or high blood glucose levels are not desirable since this causes damage to the beta cells of the pancreas that produces the insulin hormone. This damage to beta cells further hampers insulin synthesis and patients at this stage are categorized as full-blown diabetic. Such patients consistently show a hyperglycemia state even after hours of fasting ( Hinkle & Cheever,

Diabetes has become a widespread epidemic, primarily because of the increasing prevalence and incidence of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes is an endocrine disease in which the body has either a shortage of insulin or a decrease ability to use insulin or both. Insulin is a hormone that allows glucose to enter the cells and be converted into energy. Diabetes can be characterized as a prevailing, incapacitating, and deadly disease. There are a number of risk factors that increase a person’s tendency toward developing type II diabetes. Modifiable risk factors include obesity, physical inactivity and poor dietary habits are just a few. The

Type II Non-insulin dependent diabetes is the most common. It often occurs in older adults, patients who are overweight, and patient with metabolic disorders. It can happen at any age though. The tissues in the body have built some resistance to insulin. The insulin levels in these patients can vary from low to high and can also be normal. You might be at risk of developing Non-insulin dependent diabetes if you have a family history diabetes, being obese, not exercising enough, and your age. Rosdahl (2012) notes that Non-insulin dependent diabetes patients do not need insulin for life but May or may not need it to help control their insulin levels. Most patients

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is the most common form of diabetes in the U.S., and it is a severe disease with numerous life-threatening consequences. T2DM occurs when insulin, which is a hormone released by the pancreas for sugar metabolism, becomes low or cannot be utilized by cells. In the normal condition, insulin circulates in the bloodstream and enables to convert starch, sugar, and all polysaccharides complex into glucose, which cells use for energy; however, in T2DM, there is continuously too much glucose in the bloodstream. When cells don’t interact appropriately with insulin, blood sugar increases, and this phenomenon is called insulin resistance that leads to many health problems,

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a condition in the body that is related to a faulty metabolism. It means that the body’s metabolism is not functioning properly, which leads to adverse effects in the health. The food we ingest, gets broken down into blood sugar (glucose), which is what fuels our body in the form of energy. This converted glucose needs to enter our cells so that it can be used for energy and growth. And in order for the glucose to enter our cells, there needs to be insulin present, which the beta cells of the pancreas is responsible for producing. This hormone is responsible for maintaining glucose level in the blood. It allows the body cells to use glucose as a main

Diabetes Mellitus is a disease where there is an increased amount of sugar in the blood than normal. By far, the most common form of diabetes is type 2 diabetes, accounting for 95% of diabetes cases in adults. Some 26 million American adults have been diagnosed with the disease. Type 2 Diabetes in particular is a largely ‘lifestyle disease’ that is strongly associated with high blood pressure, high cholesterol and weight gain, particularly around the waist. Type 2 diabetes may be prevented in most cases, but it cannot be cured.

It is one of the two categories of diabetes: Type 1 is the insulin-reliant while Type 2 is the non-insulin-reliant. The aspects of Type 2 diabetes are insulin-inability where the cells and tissues lack response to insulin. Another aspect is the loss of pancreatic Beta-cell function that damages the creation of insulin and secretion. The Beta-cell function is important because it is balanced by glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and oxidative stress that cuts down glucagon secretion, attending to gastric emptying, and weight gain. Type 2 diabetes weakens the activity of GLP-1, causing Hyperglycemia. Hyperglycemia advances to clinical issues such as cardiovascular diseases, kidney deterioration, and neuropathy. There is also the aftermath of lipid metabolism abnormality, leading to lipid toxicity further complicating the individual’s

Initially, the beta cells respond inadequately to hyperglycemia, resulting in chronically elevated glucose. The continuous high glucose level in the blood desensitizes the beta cells so they become less responsive to elevated glucose which in term become insulin resistance because they are then insensitive to insulin. (Linton, Adrianne Dill. (2016); Introduction to Medical-Surgical Nursing.). Type 2 Diabetes accounts for almost 90% of all diabetes. It usually onsets after the age 40, and most patients are obese. Type 2 Diabetes is based on decreased effectiveness of insulin or a relative deficit of insulin. This abnormality may involve decreased pancreatic beta cell production of insulin, increased resistance by body cells to insulin, increased production of glucose by the liver, or a combination of both factors. The treatment for Diabetes type 2 can be simply the increase in exercise and diet where as Type 1 is insulin replacement. (Karin C. VanMeter, Robert J. Hubert (2014); GOULDS PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FOR THE HEALTH PROFESSIONS, FIFTH EDITION). This type of diabetes is insidious meaning that it develops over a period of time but is also considered milder then Type

Type II Diabetes is a disease that is mostly manageable, despite the recent surge in diagnoses. Type II diabetes is generally a controllable and preventable condition, but in the case of extreme obesity, is difficult to manage. The connection between extreme obesity and the inevitable insulin resistance of the body is widely known throughout the population. The problem is real and it is thoroughly documented by research institutions around the world. Type II Diabetes develops when insulin secretion cannot keep the body at normal glycemic levels, causing insulin secretion and tissues that do not respond properly to the insulin that is being secreted.

Type 2 diabetes results from a multitude of defects: impaired insulin secretion, insulin resistance, and defects in GLP-1 secretion and action. Prior to the onset and throughout the course of the disease, beta cell function and pancreatic mass deteriorate; causes may be lipotoxicity, glucose toxicity, increased age, genetics, insulin resistance, and incretin deficiency. Insulin resistance takes place in the liver, adipose, and skeletal tissues (1), ultimately leading to decreased peripheral uptake and hyperglycemia. In the liver, lack of insulin action results in gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis, further potentiating the hyperglycemia. In fat cells, decreased GLUT4 leads to excessive release of free fatty acids and adipocytokines (2). Because

Type II: (non­insulin­dependent): In the case of diabetes Type II patients, the pancreas secretes small amounts of the hormone insulin, but it is not enough to regulate levels of glucose in the blood. This type is more prevalent in the world today, accounting for 90% of cases among people suffering from diabetes. Diabetes Type II is a non­insulin­dependent hereditary disease, and is designated “adult diabetes,” with many cases among those who are obese. This type of diabetes usually occurs after the age of forty, and often in the later stages of life. Physical exercise, obesity, and unbalanced nutrition plays an important role in the incidence of this type