Pathophysiology Of APGN

Chronic kidney disease is yet another symptom, however, blood vessels narrow in the kidneys, possibly causing kidney failure if not treated in time. Blood vessels in the eyes burst or bleed leading to drastic eye damage including vision changes or blindness. Plaque builds up in leg arteries and affects blood flow in the legs leading to peripheral artery disease. The most common symptoms are pain, cramping, numbness, aching, or heaviness in the legs, feet, and buttocks after walking or climbing stairs. Stroke, when the flow of oxygen-rich blood to a portion of the brain is blocked, can also occur. Stroke leads to the sudden onset of weakness, paralysis or numbness of the face, arms, or legs, trouble speaking or understanding speech, and trouble seeing. A condition can also develop in which there is a spectrum of retinal (pertaining to the eye) vascular signs in people with elevated blood pressure, hypertensive retinopathy. Retinal circulation undergoes a series of chemical and physical changes in response to the elevated blood

Ms. T is an eight year old African American female that presents to Dr. Bill’s Kids today with complaints of her tonsils bothering her again. She has been to this office three times in the past three months with complaints of swollen tonsils and painful swallowing. Each time, she has tested positive for Group A Streptococcus also known as GAS. Her mother is with her today and reports that she had strep throat in the past multiple times about two or three times a year, but it is becoming much more frequent. She began complaining of scratchy throat in the morning and at night, but the symptoms quickly progressed to painful swallowing of solids and liquids. Popsicles are the only thing she will even consider eating at this time because they alleviate the pain.

What are these other serious illnesses that are caused by group A Streptococcus? What is group A Streptococcus? Group A streptococci are bacteria commonly found in the throat and on the skin. The vast majority of GAS infections are relatively mild illnesses, such as strep throat and impetigo. Occasionally, however, these bacteria can cause much more severe and even life threatening diseases such as necrotizing fasciitis (occasionally described as "the flesh-eating bacteria") and streptococcal toxic shock syndrome (STSS). In addition, people may carry group A streptococci in the throat or on the skin and have no symptoms of disease.

Streptococcus pyogenes, also known as Group A streptococcus (GAS), is a β-hemolytic, Gram-positive bacterium that most commonly causes respiratory disease, including pharyngitis or tonsillitis, as well as skin infections such as impetigo and cellulitis. The organism is transmitted via respiratory droplets or by contact with fomites, and commonly infects young children. In addition to the common clinical presentations associated with S. pyogenes, some individuals develop the postinfectious sequelae of rheumatic fever and glomerulonephritis. Due to the severity of these medical consequences, prophylactic antibiotic use is often recommended for any patients with otherwise mild S. pyogenes infections (21).

Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD) is a fairly common genetic disorder of the kidneys. It affects approximately 1in 750 people. There are 2 types, the autosomal dominant (ADPKD) and the autosomal recessive (ARPKD). Autosomal dominant (ADPKD) is far more common of the two. The disease presents with lots of cysts on the kidneys and can not be cured. Medication can manage the symptoms. The symptoms include urinary tract infections, high blood pressure and even renal failure as it progresses. Serial ultrasound scans are usually performed to monitor the cysts and to screen family members.

Patient J.B. presented the office with chief complaints of coughs and sore throat that lasted about seven days. These symptoms are typically seen in respiratory tract infection or inflammation that is caused by viruses or bacteria. The initial differential diagnoses included Influenza, cough, common cold, community-acquired pneumonia, acute bronchitis, acute pharyngitis, and postnasal drip syndrome based on the chief complaints. The reason that why these differential diagnoses were considered is because they all have coughs as the symptom. Some of these differential diagnoses have both coughs and sore throat. JD, et al. (2017) states that Influenza A or B viruses can cause a dry cough and sore throat. Troullos,

Group A. Streptococcus is a bacterium that causes many different types of infections. It is believed that at least 5-15% percent of the population are carriers of Group A Strep. These carriers tend to carry the bacteria on their skin or in their throats and usually remain asymptomatic.

Streptococcus pharyngitis is a bacterial infection of the throat caused by Streptococcus pyogenes, also known as group A Streptococcus. It can causes throat pain, difficulty with swallowing, red and swollen tonsils which can be accompanied with white patches or streaks of pus, red spots on the palate, swollen lymph glands in the neck, fever, headache, rash, stomach ache, and fatigue. It can lead to more serious conditions such as scarlet fever, inflammation of the kidneys, and rheumatic fever. When Streptococcus pharyngitis is suspected, usually a rapid antigen test is run but a throat culture also needs to be done. Treatment is usually Penicillin and Amoxicillin for children. Nursing intervention for Streptococcus pharyngitis is to make sure the patient gets plenty of rest and also to push fluids to keep the back of the throat lubricated and to prevent dehydration (http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/strep-throat/basics/definition/con-20022811).

PAI results from disease intrinsic to the adrenal cortex, which is the outer layer of the adrenal gland, found on the top of each kidney (Fig.1) (3).

Acute tonsillitis is inflammation of the tonsils secondary to an infectious process causing painful swallowing and is more commonly attributed to a viral cause rather than bacterial (Shepherd, 2013). A physical assessment of the tonsils may reveal an increase in size with edema and erythema. This is often associated with upper respiratory symptoms like, headache and cough (Shepherd, 2013). Another diagnosis is pharyngitis. Pharyngitis is also a sore throat which is secondary to inflammation noted at the back of the throat and associated with complaints of pain when swallowing (Shepherd, 2013). Viral pharyngitis is the most common and can be contributed to the rhino or coronavirus which lasts between 5-7 days and presents with associated symptoms like cough, headache, fatigue and mild fever (Ruppert & Fay, 2015). Finally, GABHS or more commonly noted as strep throat is a potential diagnosis. This bacterial infection is most common in children and adolescents. Often individuals present with symptoms including throat pain, fever, chills, headache, cervical lymphadenopathy and exudate noted to tonsils or in the pharyngeal (Ruppert & Fay, 2015). This infectious process in younger children may also present with gastrointestinal symptoms like nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain but is not accompanied by cough or nasal

It is the provider’s plan to prescribe Amoxicillin 50mg/kg/day once daily for 10 days (Cash & Glass, 2014). The child will take 2 and 3/4 teaspoons by mouth daily for 10 days for the diagnosis of strep throat (Epocrates, 2016). In addition, the child will need to remain on the Zyrtec 5mg by mouth daily for allergies and continue taking Tylenol liquid ½ tsp by mouth every 4-6 hours for pain and fever (Epocrates, 2016). Another concern with pharyngitis is hydration levels. Suggestions include use of Pedialyte liquid and popsicles, and the encouragement of other fluids to maintain adequate hydration. The provider explains to the parents via a translator that the decrease in appetite is normal and it is okay if he eats less. The main concern is fluid intake. If the condition worsens or does not improve in seven days, the child should return to the

Tonsillitis can be described as the inflammation of the non-encapsulated lymphoid structures, lingual and palatine tonsils. These lymphoid tissues are part of the immune system and are the first line of defence against pathogens in the oral cavity. The palatine and lingual tonsils are located underneath the stratified squamous epithelial mucosa of the tongue and oropharynx. The tonsils’ response to bacterial or viral infections of the epithelial mucosa, e.g. streptococci and the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), is inflammation and enlargement of the tonsils and antibody responses, largely IgA. Symptoms of tonsillitis include Sore throat and fever.

Initially, these symptoms appear intermittently and infrequently, but are most noticeable immediately after dialysis. Patients are often frustrated and disturbed by these symptoms. As result, they may often

It is an infection caused by pathogens such as viruses, but more likely bacteria, especially when children are getting sick. In particular, the "responsible" is the number one affection Streptococcus, to be defeated, as we shall see in a moment, with the right

Glomerulonephritis (GN), or the inflammation of glomeruli, is a leading cause of renal failure worldwide. Inflammation is characterized by vascular fragility, infiltration of leukocytes, and edema. Glomerular disease may manifest by three major syndromes: nephritic syndrome, nephrotic syndrome, and rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (RPGN). Nephritic syndrome consists of sudden onset of hematuria, non-nephrotic range proteinuria (1.5 g/24 h), active sediment with red blood cell (RBC) casts or dysmorphic RBCs, acute renal failure, and hypertension. Nephrotic syndrome is characterized by heavy proteinuria (>3.5 g/24 h), edema, hypoalbuminemia, and hyperlipidemia. RPGN is characterized by active sediment (RBC casts and dysmorphic RBCs) and rapid development of acute renal failure usually over a period of weeks to months. Glomerulonephritis accounts for the majority of progressive renal disease in many parts of the world.