Pathophysiology Of Anxiety Analysis

Breast cancer is no longer a menace as it was years back; however, little is known on what the patients experience after treatment. Pauwels, Charlier, Lechner & Van Hoof (2013) state that the period of transition to survivorship is filled with emotional distress and a low quality of life. It is evident that the survivors have to go through many struggles and in the recent past, there have been interventions that are meant to improve on their well being. No clear guidelines exist on how the psychological interventions that should be applied to assist breast cancer patients to make a quick

What causes all of these symptoms? Anxiety is known as a physiological or behavioral change that causes the formation of symptoms and affects the coping mechanism that affects a person’s everyday reaction to a stressor (Stuart 219). These changes occur at the autonomic nervous system, which influences the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems which are in turn responsible for body processes. The sympathetic nervous system is responsible for the “fight or flight” defense system which is what causes anxiety. Anxiety is perceived by the cortex of the brain which sends a stimuli to the adrenal glands which then release epinephrine, which causes you to breathe harder, you pulse and blood pressure increase. Blood moves away from the stomach and intestines where it was used to digestion and it shifts towards the heart, CNS, and muscles to replenish resources used during flight or fight (Stuart 220-1). GABA and Serotonin are also both responsible for the cause of anxiety. GABA which is affects the amygdale and hippocampus which is the center for emotions such as fear, arousal, and rage. Dysregulated Serotonin is likely play a role in the cause of anxiety (Stuart 222).

A Psychology disorder known as anxiety disorder, is the most common in the United States. In a result of, 18% of 40 million people suffers from anxiety. However, there are six different types of anxiety disorders in the results of stress, depression, social interaction, obsessive compulsive, and phobia. Which characteristic functions as a natural part of life, that can be treated thought several methods.

In Chapter 8 “Where the Wild Things Are,” the author Le Doux looked at the how our brain regions and systems functioned during the development of anxiety disorders. He introduced many researchers’ ideas and theories such as Pavlovian conditioning and instrumental conditioning; then, he listed the brain regions that were associated with anxiety and fear conditioning such as hippocampus, amygdala, sympathetic nervous system, and various brain cortexes. He also explained how our brain became conditioned for different anxiety disorders.

Women may experience a range of emotions with the diagnosis as well as throughout the treatment as a result of breast cancer, such as: sadness, anger, fear and guilt. Therefore, it is essential to closely monitor the client for their psychosocial adjustment to the diagnosis and treatment, and identifying those that need further psychological interventions (Boehmke & Dickerson, 2006). This includes being aware of the impact the diagnosis will have on the family members and loved ones; as their support is warranted as possible caregivers during the process. Appropriate nursing diagnoses for a woman with a new verdict of breast cancer may include (but not limited to): disturbed body image related to loss of hair due to chemotherapy; fear related to the diagnosis and prognosis of the disease; and knowledge deficit of cancer treatment options and reconstructive surgery. Other diagnosis will be added and removed as the patient decides if she wants treatment; and the psychological, psychosocial, and physical changes that may affect her quality of life. For instance, after a mastectomy the patient may have a nursing diagnosis of: risk for disturbed body

First some background, I am a Marine Corps Veteran. I got out because of medical reasons. I have also been diagnosed with PTSD. I have never been in combat, but I experienced an event in combat training while I was sleeping. This event is considered hazing and it was done to me by my own unit. Since this event, I have always had trouble with sleeping, staying asleep, and nightmares.

Background: Cancer is one among the life threatening diseases in present days it has biological, psychological and sociological impact on individual’s life. People living with this deadly disease have numerous psychological abnormalities like stress, depression and anxiety. The present study aimed to investigate the levels of anxiety and depression among cancer and non cancer patients. Methods: 80 patients were randomly selected among them 40 were cancer patients and 40 were non cancer patients. The Sinha’s Anxiety scale and Depression scale constructed by Karim & Tiwari was used to measure the anxiety and Depression among patients. For statistical analysis independent sample t-Test was applied. Findings: The results show significant differences between the mean scores of cancer and non cancer patients in respect to anxiety and depression. Conclusion: On the basis of our results we may concluded that cancer patients have higher levels of anxiety and depression than non cancerous patients.

A way to direct the topic of anxiety is to look into the theories behind different peoples emotions and also reactions. Anxiety can occur in an individual because distress and fear take action. It could be as simple as being afraid of insects or heights, or it could a larger scale, like due self consciousness with physical appearance or body weight. Reading an individuals anxiety can be hard to comprehend and as an individual who understands psychology we all know that we should deal with anyone who suffers from a heavy load of anxiety in a gingerly manor. Many people go about hiding their anxiety, or express in it an unhealthy habits. Psychologist try and work with through counseling to shorten stress and dissect the situation thats causing

Multiple epidemiological and psychological studies have investigated the relationship between psychological factors and the progression of cancer. Lack of social support, trauma history, depression, and distress and the most commonly cited psychological processes when looking at cancer outcomes. A meta-analysis conducted by Pinquart and Duberstein (2010) examined the association between social support and cancer progression and found that higher levels of perceived social support, having a larger social network, and being married decreased the mortality rate by 25%, 20% and 12% respectively. In contrast studies done on depression, stress, and trauma have consistently found them to

It is the nurse’s responsibility to have a better understanding of the factors associated with the patient’s misperceptions in order to alleviate their psychological distresses such as by providing effective patient teaching (E). A strong relationship can help through the stress [and the] tough time of diagnosis with breast cancer. (E). According to the Clinical Journal of Oncology Nursing, social support systems act as a buffer against poor psychological adjustment with a report of decreased level of recurring risk perceptions as well as alleviation of anxiety and depression

Do you experience test anxiety (or do you know someone who does)? How does the anxiety manifest itself (physically, behaviorally, effectively)? I have never experienced test anxiety but I do know someone who has. A colleague of mine, attended a university where he was the only minority in his classes. My colleague was Black and the majority of his classmates were White. During his first semester, he experienced a cultural shock and felt out of place. My friend told me that his classmates and professors were nice and that he wasn’t treated unfairly or differently. However, due to the social and racial history of the U.S., my colleague went into every class believing that he had something to prove. I believe that the stereotypes of African Americans affected him greatly and he strove to prove them wrong. This burden that he carried, no one else in his classroom shared, (which is understandable because race affects those directly impacted by it more than those indirectly affected), caused him to have tremendous stress. Physically, my friend was always stressed out and tired. My colleague rarely got enough sleep which directly impacted his academic performance. My friend’s behavior changed as well. Previously, my friend had been easy going and gregarious but now he appeared agitated. Although he received passing marks on his test, he wasn’t performing at the level he should have. According to Katherine Ryan and Allison Ryan (Woolfolk, 2013, p. 247), the fear of confirming a

Vin-Raviv, N., Akinyemiju, T. F., Galea, S., & Bovbjerg, D. H. (2015). Depression and Anxiety Disorders among Hospitalized Women with Breast Cancer. Plos ONE, 10(6), 1-14. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0129169

The diagnosis of anxiety is difficult because of the variety of its causes and the individualized symptom formation. There are no medical tests that can be used to diagnose anxiety. Cognitive-behavior therapy has been found to be an effective treatment for anxiety disorders. Cognitive-behavior therapy is a type of psychotherapy that helps an individual to change unhelpful thoughts and behaviors which can contribute to anxiety. Another treatment for anxiety is Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. These are a class of drugs that raise the level of serotonin in the brain by preventing it from being reabsorbed back into cells that released it. Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that affects sleep, alertness, appetite, and other functions. Abnormal

Description of the literature. The first theme to be reviewed was coping with possible breast cancer diagnosis. The article was written by Sigrunn Drageset and Torill Lindstrom (2005), it examined the relationship between demographic characteristics, social support, anxiety, coping and defence among women with possible breast cancer. This study entailed a quantitative, non-experimental, cross-correlational survey: The investigators used a self-administered questionnaire from a convenience sample. The sample size consists of 117 women between the ages of 25 to 76 years with possible breast cancer who had undergone a breast biopsy under local anesthesia.

While the completion of treatment is excitedly anticipated, many cancer survivors would still be disturbed by the emotional and physical tribulation of their breast cancer trajectory (Surbone & Peccatori, 2006). This is because, the impact of cancer remains long even after treatment ended. Besides the common issues that accompany any cancer diagnosis, breast cancer survivors also have to deal with exclusive concerns such as decreased sexual function, relationship issues, fears about genetic inheritability of cancer and complications from this disease such as lymphedema (Hodgkinson, Butow, Fuchs, et al., 2007). Therefore, the completion of treatment does not equate to lesser need for health care. Long term health issues related to breast cancer survivors have thus emerged as a public health concern.