Pathophysiology Of Middle Ear

The middle ear has three ossicles (tiny bones) the hammer, the anvil, and the stirrup that connect the middle ear to the inner ear. When sound enters your middle ear, it causes the ossicles to vibrate. These vibrations then move into the cochlea, which is filled with fluid. When the vibrations move the fluid that is in the cochlea, it stimulates tiny hair cells that respond to different frequencies of sound. After the tiny hair cells are stimulated, they direct the frequencies of sound into the auditory nerve, as nerve impulses. (ASHA 2013)

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Hearing serves a crucial benefit for understanding the world around us. During the 1940’s, Dr. Ramsdell realized that hearing serves four crucial function; symbolically we are informed or entertained, aesthetically hearing is naturally pleasing, warningly we are alerted or prepared, primitively we are aware of our surroundings [1]. The ear is typically divided into three sections, used to simplify the hearing process. The first section, or the outer ear, is composed of the auricle (skin covered cartilage), the auditory canal, and the tympanic membrane (the outer layer of the eardrum). The middle ear section contains the eardrum, tympanic cavity, and the ossicles. These ossicles are three small bones often referred to as malleus (hammer),

Just like the eyes the ears also have a good amount of layers. The first layer is the outer ear that is made from skin and cartilage, and due to its curvy shape our ears are able to catch the sound. The sound then travels from the outer ear to the tympanic membrane, this membrane forms the eardrum and vibrates in order to respond to sound waves. From the membrane the sound moves to the inner ear, the inner ear has three very small bones. These small bones send the sound information to the brain through the auditory nerve.

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This wave information travels across middle ear cavity via a series of delicate bones: the mallus (hammer), incus (anvil) and stapes (stirrup). These ossicles act as a lever converting the lower-pressure eardrum sound vibrations into higher-pressure sound vibrations to smaller membrane called the oval window. Higher pressure is necessary because the inner ear beyond the oval window contains liquid rather than air. The auditory reflex of the middle ear muscles helps protect the inner ear from damage. The middle ear still contains the sound information in wave form; it is converted to nerve impulses in the cochlea.

Since Dax had recently had an audiological evaluation no acuity testing was done. Middle ear functioning was assessed using the tympanometer. The tympanogram showed no peak and increased ear canal volume, which was expected because he had tubes in his ears. The ear canal volume was 3.6 for the left ear and 5.9 for the right ear, which indicated open, functioning PE tubes.

The article “Transitional mammalian middle ear from a new Cretaceous Jehol eutriconodont” by Jin Meng, Yuanqing Wang, and Chuankui Li is essentially about how the jawbone became an ear. In ancient fossils it had been discovered that where the jawbone meets the skull, the four small bones that make up the middle ear: the malleus, incus, stapes, and ectotympanic, were also found there. As these bones moved from the mandible to form the middle ear the “Meckle’s cartilage” stabilized the “post- dentary bones” during their separation. Once the removal was complete the cartilage then ossified, becoming bone and remaining near the base of the mandible leaving the middle ear independent from the jaw. This evolutionary transition took years to become present, and is still highly criticized.

The patient tells me she noticed about a week ago that her ear was feeling very full of wax. She said it was difficult to hear and she just felt that it was blocked. Her daughter, who is an audiologist was visiting from out of town did not have an otoscope, but looked generally at the outside of her mother's ear, thought that there was probably some wax there, recommended that she see a physician. The patient then asked her daughter about possibly using an over-the-counter flushing system, which she eventually ended up doing. She said that she did not really notice a response after using the flush. She said that she has not noticed any drainage. There has not been any discharge, no bleeding, but now is having ear pain for the last day. Previously, was not having any pain. She also feels as though it is still full. It was uncomfortable if she would touch her ear or move her ear, however that symptom has resolved. She is no longer having that at this time. She does not really feel as though she is having any new cold or cough symptoms. She has not had any fevers. She does struggle with allergies somewhat, but says that they have been under relatively good control currently.

The ear is made up of an outer (external), middle and inner ear. The outer and middle ear is mainly involved in transmitting sounds to the inner ear where that sound is processed. The first step in this process involves sound waves entering the external auditory canal and passing the tympanic membrane (otherwise known as the eardrum- this separates the outer ear from the middle ear)( Vander A, Sherman J, Luciano D, 2001). As small air molecules (sound) passes through the tympanic membrane they cause it to vibrate and these vibrations are then passed onto the middle ear (Moore KL, Agur MRA, 2002). The middle ear formed from 3 tiny bones (malleus, incus and stapes)- known as auditory ossicles then

When you hear a fire engine siren, the sound waves from the truck enters your ear canal and vibrates your eardrum. Then the vibrations go to the central part of the eardrum connected to a small bone of the middle ear called the malleus. Then as the malleus vibrates, it transmits sound waves to the incus and stapes. The incus and stapes are two small bones that are part of the middle ear. They are also called ossicles. As the stapes move, it pushes the oval window in and out.

If I said the term “musical ear” to you, you might think I was referring to the ability to appreciate music or the talent to distinguish when someone was singing off-key. You would be wrong.

The inner ear is made up of a complex interconnectedness of small bones. The incus, stapes and malleus are the three small bones of which the inner ear is composed. The function of this evolutionary development is to allow for hearing and furthermore acts to assist in balance. These three bones are collectively referred to as ossicles. The efficiency of these features allow for an acute sense of hearing in vertebrates. The physical shape of the stapes varies among different cladistics groups of animals. Specifically, the Epitherians, consisting of placental mammals, and excluding Xenarthra (sloths and their relatives) maintain a different shaped stapes in comparison to more primitive

How is it that people with sensorineural deafness can hear certain frequencies such as high frequencies but cant hear low frequencies and vice versa. Well first we must understand what is senorinueral deafness what is the cause of this malfunction in the human ear. Sensorineural deafness is an impairment of the transmission of nerve impulses in any area from the auditory cortex to the cochlea. This type of deafness can result from any exposure to any extremely loud noises and sounds and a variety of many pathological processes which cause hair cells that are in our inner ear that have the ability to transform sound into electric signal to get destroyed, and it will cause nerves not to be able to send those signals to the brain. Unfortunately,

The middle ear consists of three ossicles: the malleus, incus, and stapes. In addition to these bones, it also contains the Eustachian tube which functions mainly to equalize pressure.3 The inner