Pathophysiology Of The Following Signs And Symptoms

The body tends to deal with this imbalance by filtering out excess glucose throughout the kidneys, resulting in high levels of sugar in the urine. As glucose level rises the kidneys over-whelmed and don’t function normally. They lose their ability to absorb much water the result is frequent urination. This is commonly the earliest sign of diabetes. It is often followed by unquenchable thirst as the body tries to regain the lost fluids. It often seems that more fluid comes out than went in.

Any inflammatory process that involves the skin, such as contact dermatitis, can leave areas of hypopigmentation upon healing.

The kidneys respond to the high levels of glucose in the blood stream by flushing out the extra glucose in the urine. Another symptom of type 1 diabetes is polydipsia. This happens when you urinate so often that you lose too much water and become dehydrated. In addition, those who develop type 1 diabetes may also have polyphagia, an increase in appetite. Often they lose weight or fail to gain weight as he or she grows, in spite of having a good appetite. This happens due to the body breaking down the muscle and stored fat in the attempt to provide fuel to the hungry cells. Those with type 1 diabetes can often feel tired, because the body isn't using the calories they are eating, and turning it into the energy it needs. Finally, blurry vision can occur when sugar builds up in the eye this changes the shape of the lens and blurs your

Dehydration is induced by polyuria when the subject’s blood sugar is above 230mg/dL (hypoglycemic). The body’s loss of energy weakens the immune system and can cause easy limb loss if the skin is broken near the feat. Neuropathy (damage to the nerves) is due to the higher levels of sugar in the capillaries that feed the nerve endings. The sugar sticks to the sides of the capillaries and restricts the blood flow. The nerves in the eyes can also be damaged from the same process, leading to possible blindness. Polyuria can also damage the kidneys the same way alcohol can damage them. When the blood stream contains too much sugar or alcohol, the kidneys filter the excess out. When the kidneys are overused, the kidneys can shut down. The body needs glucose to function, and when the blood sugar drops below 20mg/dL, the brain makes the body go into a seizure. These seizures can be very dangerous and harmful to the body, leading to memory loss or personality changes; however, the body releases glucagon during the seizure causing the blood sugar to jump back to a tolerable

If you have diabetes, one of the first symptoms you will notice is polyuria, or frequent urination. Polyuria occurs when the cells in your body release fluids into the bloodstream to dilute the sugar in your blood. As a result, your kidneys flush out this excess fluid in the body causing frequent urination.

Patients with DKA are usually severely dehydrated. This is a result from polyuria and osmotic diuresis. Osmotic diuresis occurs when the concentration of glucose is higher than the reabsorption capacity of the kidney, so glucose remains in the filtrate. This increases the osmotic pressure which causes an increase in water and potassium to be excreted out into the

Since the body is unable to use the glucose which is present, the blood sugar levels increase. The kidney will start to filter the glucose into the urine to lower the blood sugar levels. Glucose however also pulls along water and solutes with it into the urine, this event is called osmotic diuresis (Wolfsdorf et al., 2007).

Of great concern with HHS is a higher mortality rate. HHS occurs when high glucose levels and dehydration slowly increase each other until both are extreme. Another differing key feature of HHS is the presence of neurological changes and absence of ketones. In contrast HHS occurs more often in older adults, but can occur in children with type one and type two diabetes during periods of illness. Moreover, HHS is often the presenting event that leads to diagnosis of type two diabetes (Diabetes Info, 2016). Precipitating events for HHS include illness such as diarrhea, pneumonia, sepsis, a cardiac event and/or decreased fluid intake leading to extreme hyperglycemia. Glucose levels in HHS are in excess of 180 mg/dl often rising to over 600mg/dl, resulting in the kidneys inability to reabsorb the glucose. Of consequence, the profound dehydration and hyperosmolality greater than 350 mOsm/kg, simply cannot be corrected from drinking fluids and requires IV therapy, potential electrolyte replacement and hospitalization (Mensing, McLaughlin, & Halstenson, 2011) (Childs, Cypress, & Spollett,

In diabetics frequent urination is caused by having a lot of sugar built up in the bloodstream. When that happens the kidneys have to work harder. Then the kidneys end up having a lot of extra fluid in them causing more frequent urination (“why does diabetes make you urinate frequently?”). Frequent urination is a very common symptom for type one diabetes. Therefore, if frequent urination is happing a lot go to the doctor, and get it checked out immediately. It could be fatal if not treated to.

Diabetes insipidus is a disorder that causes an imbalance of water in the body because the kidneys are not functioning correctly (cite). It is caused by a lack of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) which prevents dehydration. Individuals with this disorder produces excessive urination and polydipsia (cite). Although diabetes insipidus and mellitus sound related, they are not. Diabetes mellitus type 1 and type 2 are more common forms of diabetes (cite). To diagnose diabetes insipidus, a doctor could use the fluid /water deprivation test or an MRI scan. The fluid/water deprivation test involves allowing an individual to reframe from drinking fluids for a number of hours to become extremely dehydrated while collecting blood and urine samples. An MRI scan of the head can be used to observe abnormalities in the hypothalamus and pituitary gland (cite).

What Mr B has described as feeling very thirsty is polydipsia and the frequent urination is polyuria.

Diabetic Nephropathy often begins with hyperglycemia due to an increase of osmotic pressure (William & Hopper, 2011). It then leads to cell expansion and an increase in glomerular filtration rate or (GHR) (William & Hopper, 2011). Thus, kidneys will then receive less blood supply due to atherosclerosis of blood vessels (William & Hopper, 2011). Protein then will leak into the urine due to the capillaries in the glomerular thickining (William & Hopper, 2011). Theses patients most often have problems completely emptying the bladder of urine (William & Hopper, 2011). Most often they will report massive edema and nephrotic syndrome due to the high levels of protein in the urine (William & Hopper, 2011). The patient at this

When a person has diabetes, depending on the type, the body is unable to absorb the glucose, leading to hyperglycemia. When the sugar concentration remains high for prolonged periods of time, the kidney has to increase its reabsorption and the glucose will be excreted in the urine. The increase in glucose causes osmotic pressure in the urine so the kidney reabsorbs water as well. An increase in water reabsorption leads to dehydration. When the glucose is not properly reabsorbed the body cannot store it in crucial areas such as the liver and muscles. Without energy to perform reactions, the body cannot perform crucial metabolic mechanisms such as protein synthesis. The body begins to lose energy and as a result, damage is done to various

Polydipsia has occurred due to excess glucose that has built up in the bloodstream causing the fluid in the tissue to be pulled out (Carlson & Castro 2016). This leaves the patient feeling thirsty which results in the patient drinking more fluid leading to polyuria. Giovanni also describes feeling fatigue which is a symptom of type 2 diabetes. As cells are deprived of the required glucose it will cause the patient to feel very tired (Carlson & Castro 2016). The blurred vision Giovanni is experiencing has happened due to the high blood glucose levels causing fluid in the lens of his eye to be pulled out (Carlson & Castro 2016). This has caused Giovanni to have disrupted focus in his vision. It is also very common in diabetic patients to develop tingling sensations and oedema in the peripheries which Giovanni is also currently experiencing.

One of the diseases is diabetes mellitus which is a major cause of renal failure. This disease can be defined as an increase of fasting blood glucose that is affected by a deficiency in insulin hormone. The normal range for glucose (fasting) in the blood is 2.8-6.0 mmol/L. It is classified into two groups, type 1 (insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus) and type 2 (non insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus). Stein (2008, p.6) points out that kidney failure happens most often when patients have suffered from diabetes mellitus for more than 10 years. According to United States Renal Data System (USRDS) report in 2007, approximately 44% of primary causes of renal failure is diabetes mellitus in the United States in 2005. Also, Stein (2008) indicates that 15% of dialysis patients are influenced by diabetes mellitus in the United Kingdom. Diabetes mellitus has negative affects throughout the kidneys where the increase of the range of blood sugar causes the damages to the cells in the kidneys. This leads to the presence of the glucose in the urine which is known as glycosuric.