Pathophysiology Of The Underlying Process

The major health problem selected for this project was hypertension (Harrison et al, 2011). It is identified as a cardio vascular disease risk factor such as dementia, chronic kidney disease, coronary heart disease, and stroke (NICE, 2011). It can be missed easily, as in various instances it is asymptomatic as well as it is also known as a silent killer. The Hypertension is thought to be a disease of vascular regulation ensuing from arterial pressure control mechanisms malfunction (extracellular fluid volume, rennin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, and CNS) that results in elevation of BP by means of enhanced peripheral vascular resistance, and cardiac output. There are 2 basic hypertension types. Around 90 to 95 percent of the individuals have primary hypertension which is linked with change in lifestyle as well as needs medical treatment. On the other hand, 5-10% has secondary hypertension which is linked with various other diseases for instance pregnancy, thyroid, and renal (Haslam and James, 2005). It is estimated that around 1 in 20 adults will have increased BP of 160/100 mmHg and above that results in either more than one predisposing aspects (Gemmell et al, 2006).

Hypertension is sometimes referred to as the silent killer (Aycock, Kirkendoll, & Gordon, 2013). Today it is a public health problem. According to the American Heart Association 2013 Statistical Fact Sheet (2013), one out of every three adults has high blood pressure, which is estimated at 77.9 million people (AHA, 2013). High blood pressure is also referred to as hypertension. Hypertension is a prevalent medical condition that carries with it the risk factor for increased chances of heart disease and stroke (Gillespie & Hurvitz, 2013). Hypertension remains one of the top 10 causes of worldwide disability-adjusted life years (as cited in Drenjančević-Perić et al., 2011). For the estimated 348, 102 deaths in 2009, high blood pressure was listed as the primary or contributing cause of death (AHA, 2013). Despite the health risk associated with hypertension, the diagnoses of high blood pressure continue to rise. By 2030, hypertension is expected to increase by 7.2% from 2013 estimates (AHA, 2013).

Hypertension (HTN) is a chronic cardiovascular condition that is characterized by high blood pressure. The blood pressure commonly abbreviated as BP is a measure of the force exerted on the blood vessels as the blood passes through them. The amount of blood pumped and the narrowness of ones’ vessels are directly proportional to the blood pressure (Mayoclinic staff, 2014).

In today’s society nearly every individual experiences some sort of stress, whether it is chronic stress or acute. Acute stress is the immediate response to a demanding situation, for example, managing your home life, finances and the status of ones health. According Time Magazine, a recent survey reports that the incidence of stress has declined but is still lingering over the lives of young adults. The National Stress in America survey had two thousand participants ages eighteen to thirty –three, more than half of this population reported receiving minimal to no support in coping with the stress (Sifferlin, 2013). Most of the young adults reported that a single source

Long-term hypertension can result in a variety of consequences. These consequences are the result of the heart having to adapt and work harder, i.e. against an increased afterload due to the increased systolic pressure. The heart adapts via hypertrophy of the smooth muscle. Chronic hypertension can also lead to a disruption of the endothelium, thus increasing the

Conditions such as hypertension and coronary artery disease cause an increase in blood pressure. Blood pressure increases when arteries become narrow as a result of hardening or due to build up of fat deposits; both of which are major

Hypertension is a very common problem, affecting 1 billion people worldwide, with 50 million cases in the United States, and one third of cases going undiagnosed. 1% of the cases will experience a hypertensive emergency in their life. (1,2)

My mother, Nanci, my uncle, Mike, and my aunt Kim have all been diagnosed with hypertension. Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure is the most common cardiovascular disease and leads to over 326,000 deaths in the United States every year (Adams & Urban, 2013). Hypertension is consistent increased systemic arterial blood pressure, and can be divided into two categories, primary and secondary. Primary hypertension has no identifiable cause, and according to Adams and Urban is responsible for almost 90% of all cases of diagnosed hypertension (Adams & Urban, 2013). Secondary hypertension on the other hand is related to an underlying disease process or condition, such as hyperthyroidism or the use of corticosteroids. Hypertension can systemic issue, which means that the blood pressure of the entire body is affected, or it can be a localized issue where only certain tissues are affected, such as the liver. Hypertension is usually an asymptomatic issue, however, when symptoms do appear, they have been caused by the long-term existence of the disorder, over years or decades. Over time, the elevation of the blood pressure begins to wear on the arteries and the organs of

Cardiovascular function results from the interplay of the heart, systemic vasculature, blood volume, and tissues in their functions as pump, transporting pathways, and oxygen carrying and consuming end-organs, and problems with structure or function of the filling and ejection mechanisms of the heart will lead to failing oxygen delivery and compensatory attempts, a complex disease condition known as heart failure (Porth, 2015). Dysfunction may involve initially primarily one ventricle only, though over time both sides may become affected. In left ventricular failure decreased cardiac output and outflow into the periphery leads to pulmonary congestion, evidenced by pulmonary edema and impaired gas exchange (Porth, 2015). As a result,

Hypertension occurs when there is an increase in cardiac output or total peripheral resistance, or both (McCance, 2015). Cardiac output is increased by an

Body: the regulation tof blood pressure. When your blood pressure increases, it is detected by the recepters in your blood vessels that sence the resistance of blood flow against the walls if the vessel. The receptors send a message to your brain, which sends a message to your heart and blood vessels. Your heart rate decreases and your blood vessels expand in diameter, which together decreases your blood

1a. Pathophysiology is a key factor in understanding how the body works. One aspect where it is very important is pH disturbances of the body. Respiratory alkalosis is when there is a commotion in the pH balance when there is alveolar hyperventilation in the lungs. This in return can cause a decline in pressure of carbon dioxide causing an increase in bicarbonate. In return the pH level increases. Respiratory acidosis is a pH balance disturbance that occurs in response to alveolar hypoventilation. As carbon dioxide is produced ventilation failure increases the pressure of carbon dioxide. After this happens the pH level decreases. Metabolic alkalosis is an increase in the body’s amount of bicarbonate. When the body loses too much hydrogen from the body, and/or retains too much bicarbonate, this issue can occur. Metabolic acidosis is an occurrence during which there is an increase in acids or a decrease in bicarbonate.

Hypertension is widely considered to be one of the most important risk factors of cardiovascular diseases (angina, arrhythmia, etc.). It is the second leading disease that causes mortality in the world. Hypertension is the condition when there is an increase in the force of blood on the walls of vessels. It can also be defined as an arterial blood pressure that is raised above 140/90 mm Hg (systolic/ diastolic BP). Hypertension can be classified into Secondary hypertension and Essential hypertension. When specific cause is evident but heredity, and various physiological parameters play a role in increasing blood pressure is known as Essential Hypertension. Secondary Hypertension is one where the cause is known. According to WHO guidelines between 2006 and 2015, deaths due to cardiovascular diseases are expected to increase by 17% while the deaths from infectious diseases, nutritional deficiencies, maternal and prenatal conditions are projected to decline by 3%. The main causes of hypertension includes the age ,hereditary, gender, extra weight, alcohol consumption, stress life, lazy life etc.

Ans: Essential hypertension is high blood pressure that doesn’t have a known secondary cause. It is also denoted as primary hypertension. It is the result of interaction between genetics and environment. Hypertension is defined as elevation of systemic arterial blood pressure where the blood pressure is consistently above 140/90. It is caused by an increase in cardiac output or total peripheral resistance or both. Increased heart rate or stroke volume raises cardiac output. Increased blood viscosity or reduced vessel diameter raises peripheral resistance. There are several mechanisms bring about high blood pressure such as the sympathetic nervous system (SNS), renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), and natriuretic hormones. Inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, obesity-related hormones, and insulin resistance are the factors that increase peripheral resistance or blood volume. Insulin resistance and neurohumoral dysfunction (SNS, RAAS, and natriuretic hormones) cause vasoconstriction and increased peripheral resistance. While inflammation causes renal dysfunction that leads to ineffective salt excretion and water retention and increases blood volume.

The two major types of hypertension are primary and secondary. Primary hypertension accounts for more than 90% of all cases and has no known cause, although it is hypothesized that genetic factors, hormonal changes, and the altercations in sympathetic tone all may play a role in its development. Secondary hypertension develops as a consequence of an underlying disease or condition. The prevention and treatment of hypertension is a major public health issue. When blood pressure is controlled, cardiovascular, renal disease, and stroke may be prevented. The JCN, reported more than 122 million individuals in American are overweight or obese, consume large amounts of dietary sodium and alcohol, and do not eat adequate amounts of fruits and vegetables; less than 20% exercise regularly. Both modifiable and non-modifiable factors play a role in the development of hypertension