Patient Case Summary

Nurse’s care for several patients in a day and it is important to understand the patient as a whole person to treat them effectively. The purpose of this assignment is to explore a patient’s disease to understand the nursing judgments and interventions involved, the medications for this diagnosis, and to understand the disease. The patient described in this paper will be referred to as Jonathan to ensure patient confidentiality.

In this Assessment nursing course, one of the major things that is taught is the most important part of giving proper care to a patient. Correct patient assessment is needed before any nursing care plan or treatment can be implemented. This post-review of a person’s assessment will demonstrate the proper way to go about assessing a person’s health.

Renal calculi can often form when the urine becomes concentrated allowing the minerals to crystallize and stick together (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2013). There are several different types of kidney stones. Knowing the type of kidney stones a patient has helps determine ways of reducing the risk of developing more kidney stones (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2013). Calcium stones are usually formed by calcium oxalate which is a naturally occurring substance found in food and is produced by the liver (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2013). Struvite stones can form in response to an infection, such as a urinary tract infection (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2013). These types of stones can grow quickly and become large (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2013). Uric acid stones develop in people who don’t drink enough fluids or who lose too much fluid, those who eat high protein diets, and those who have gout (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2013). Cystine stones arise in people with a hereditary disorder that causes the kidneys to excrete too much of certain amino acids (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2013). Other stones can develop but are rarer (Mayo Clinic Staff,

I have chosen the topic about kidney stone because my favorite comic book series featured it as a character. Kidney stones, also known as, Nephrolithiasis or Renal Calculi, are crystalized lumps formed by insoluble calcium compounds (Kidney Stones). Normally, the two kidneys in the human body are in charge of filtering blood to produce urine. The urine travel down to the ureters, then into the urinary bladder, and finally excreted through the urethra (Baxter, 2016a). When there is not enough water to dilute the waste products, they stay in the kidney and increase the risk of stone formation. As waste stayed in the kidney, it start to build up and form into a kidney stone. Depending on the size of the kidney stone, some may slide down the urinary tract without causing any discomfort. However, because of the small diameter of the ureters, large usually get stuck and block the flow of urine (Baxter, 2016c).

Nephrolithiasis, otherwise known as kidney stones, is a painful condition in which various types of mineral deposits form inside the kidney. Typically not fatal, or even physically damaging in the short term, if left untreated for long periods of time kidney stones can lead to renal damage or even failure. There are several different types of kidney stones ranging in size from a grain of sand to as large as a golf ball. The most common type of kidney stones are calcium stones. Struvite stones are the fastes growing and usually come into formation due to an infection of some kind in the urinary system. Uric acid stones are typically causes as a

Kidney Stones are also called Renal Calculi. Nephrolithiasis is the condition of having Kidney Stones . These stones come about from chemicals in the urine, forming a tough crystalline mineral deposit from within the kidney, that stick together inside the kidney or urinary tract. Typically, they develop in the inner surfaces of one or both of the kidneys. Supersaturation urine is what actually creates the stones, this happens when there is an imbalance in the waste chemicals in the urine, which then causes the stones. As to under saturation urine crystals cannot be formed due to lack of calcium produced. They can be as little as a grain of sand that can be invisible to the naked eye, or as large as a golf

Kidney stones are a very common condition where your urine contains crystal-forming substances such as calcium, oxalate, and urine acid. When your urine contains more crystals than the fluid your urine can dilute. Your urine may lack substances that prevent crystals from sticking together. This creates a perfect environment for kidney stones to form. Kidney stones often have no definitive cause, although several factors may increase your risk. There are also many types of kidney stones. Knowing they types of stones may help determine the cause of the kidney stones. Most common kidney stones are calcium stones. These stones usually form due to calcium oxalate. Oxalate is usually found in food. Chocolate, fruit, vegetables, and nuts usually contains a high level of oxalate. Another type of kidney stones are known as struvite stones. Struvite stones form due to infection, for example a urinary tract infection. Struvite stones can grow quickly, and become very large. Uric acid stones usually form in people who drink too little or too much liquids, people with a high protein diet, or people who suffer from gout.

Kidney stone disease, also known as kidney calculi or nephrolithiasis, affects millions of people in the United States. As stated by Lewis, Dirksen, Heitkemper, Bucher, & In Harding (2014), this disease is more frequent in the whites than in African Americans, and has a higher incidence in people with a family history of kidney stone formation. The formation of kidney stones involves many factors, which include dietary, metabolic, climatic, genetic, occupational, and lifestyle influences. There are many theories proposed for the stone formation, but no single theory can account for all cases. The pathophysiology of kidney calculi involves the supersaturated formation of crystals that forms a stone. The elements that affect the

Ureteric calculi (i.e. stones in the ureters) is a medical condition that causes an abrupt onset of pain, which may be accompanied by nausea, vomiting and blood in the urine, among other signs and symptoms. The presence of stones in these tubes that allow for the passage of urine from the kidneys to the bladder is most commonly seen in the 20 – 49-year-old age bracket. Stones, in increasing order of prevalence, may be chemically composed predominantly of calcium, struvite (magnesium ammonium phosphate), uric acid or cysteine.

Other forms of kidney stones are cysteine and struvite stones which are caused by various reasons. Struvite stones are caused by kidney infection and cystine stones are due to a common disorder. The disorder called cystinuria is the defect in transporting amino acids and causes too much cystine is in the urine. The more common types of kidney stones involve calcium. Hyperparathyroidism is when the gland over produces its hormone, parathyroid hormone (PTH), that will increase the amount of calcium in the blood. However, just calcium in the blood or in the urine will not cause kidney stones, they need oxalates or phosphates and must form in the kidneys. The reason I specify the kidneys is that if you consume calcium and oxalate together and they form in the stomach. They will be dissolved and are less likely to form stones. People with too much vitamin C, probably through a supplement, will have oxalate rich urine.

The patient is a 72-year-old gentleman who presents to the ED because of profound weakness, inability the patient is wheelchair-bound fell between the wheelchair and his bed and was unable to get himself up off the floor. He has multiple medical issues including chronic atrial fibrillation flutter, hypertension, chronic lymphedema, diabetes mellitus. On presentation is noted to be somewhat dehydrated with an elevated white count, as well as acute kidney injury. On presentation his initial white count is 11.7 with left shift and hemoglobin of 11.6 with hydration and appropriate antibiotics his white count comes down. Hemoglobin goes to 10.9. It is also to be noted his original BUN was 56 with a creatinine of 2.38 correcting upon administration

High concentration of calcium (200mg in 24 hour urine) in urine is called as hypercalciuria, leads to stone formation. Causes of high urine calcium include a genetic disorder known as familial hypercalciuria and hyperparathyroidism.

The patient was referred to the Radiologist from his GP, because of ongoing pain and difficulty when swallowing. The patient was 45years old male, consumed alcohol regularly and a heavy smoker.

Kidney stones are usually composed of calcium oxalate or phosphate either. Minerals are absorbed from food and is usually disposed of through urine. When the urine is too soupy, minerals can crystallize to form stones. Drink at least six to eight glasses of water a day to keep the urine doesn't become too concentrated.

The recurrent nature of stone disease is a well-recognized Clinical problem. Urinary metabolic abnormalities such as low urine volume, hypercalciuria, hyperoxaluria, hyperuricosuria and hypocitraturia predispose a patient to early recurrence (Rajgopal, 1985). Male gender,multiple stones (Sun, 1998), stone location (Yu, 1993), residual fragments (Fine 1995) and some anatomic or functional urinary tract abnormalities (Streem, 1995) are known to be major risk factors for