Patients With A High Body Mass Essay

Cardiovascular and metabolic diseases are a growing problem around the world today. Not only do diseases such as diabetes and heart disease affect individuals and their lifestyles, they also affect the economy, politics, education and the professional work environment. 20-26% of individuals in the United States live with heart disease, and obesity and high blood pressure compose the greatest factors for developing this disease [20]. Studies have shown a direct correlation between the amount of sedentary time and cardiovascular and metabolic disease risk, regardless of baseline measurements [20]. Thus, increase in physical activity will decrease cardiometabolic risk factors [8]. Several studies indicate a positive correlation between physical activity and decreased cardiometabolic risk markers [2,4,11,16]. However, we now know that an individual who is getting the recommended physical activity per day can still have a large amount of sedentary time.

Globally, around 31% of adults aged 15 and over were insufficiently active in 2008 (men 28% and women 34%). Approximately 3.2 million deaths each year are attributable to insufficient physical activity (WHO, 2013). Physical activity is defined as any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that require energy expenditure (WHO, 2013). Physical inactivity is estimated to be the main cause for approximately 27% of those who have diabetes (WHO, 2013). In order to globally take control over this worldwide epidemic of type 2 diabetes, physical activity needs to become a daily activity in each and everyone’s lives. Physical activity is extremely important as it helps keep blood glucose, blood pressure, HDL cholesterol and triglycerides in check. It helps lower the risks of type 2 diabetes (WHO, 2013).

Weight management can be assisted through improvement in food and medical stuff, physical activity or behavioral change, with a combination of all three being most effective. Where possible, increased physical activity should be adopted, with 150-300 minutes of moderate activity, or 75-150 minutes of vigorous activity each week, which has been associated with improved health outcomes, irrespective of weight loss. The level of physical activity recommended will be dependent on an individual’s BMI, fitness levels, commodities and age.(Prof.hankey (2006))

The author’s paternal grandmother also recently perished from a diabetes-related heart attack. The author is overweight with a BMI of 25, carrying most of her fat in the abdominal area and exercises infrequently. Her ethnic background and family history of diabetes and hypertension further increase her risk for developing diabetes. Gordon's Functional Health Patterns (FHP) created by Marjory Gordon (2008) was used to provide a more complete assessment of the author’s risk. There are 11 FHP; however, this paper will focus primarily on the Activity-Exercise and Nutritional-Metabolic pattern (Gordon, 2008). The Activity-Exercise pattern was used to assess the author’s activity level, how often she exercised, and what type of exercise were done (Gordon, 2008). The Nutritional-Metabolic pattern was used to assess the author’s overall eating habits and family weight trend (Gordon, 2008). Both patterns are important tools for assessing the author’s risk for diabetes type 2 because physical inactivity, obesity and certain diets will increases her risk of developing the

It is estimated that a change in lifestyle could reduce the incidence of Type 2 Diabetes by 28-59 percent (British Dietetic Association, 2010). Regular exercise can increase glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity and can improve blood pressure and HDL cholesterol. With the promotion of exercise, weight losers can preserve muscle. Muscle contributes to at least 50-70 percent of energy expenditure confirming that regular exercise is vital to keeping weight loss. A regular exercise routine is also important in increasing the amount of sleep and the quality of sleep received. A stunted sleep duration is a cause of growth in body mass index as well as obesity (Scandinavian 2010). Finnish Diabetes Prevention study states that at least four hours of exercise weekly assisted by a healthy nutritional regiment and weight loss is effective in Type 2 Diabetes

Studies show that intensive lifestyle based strategies can halve the risk of developing diabetes (Penn, White, Lindström, den Boer, Blaak, Eriksson, Feskens, Ilanne-Parikka, Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi, Walker, Mathers, Uusitupa, & Tuomilehto, 2013). Moreover, the gains made from exercise are independent of the weight of a person. This shows that regular exercising can reduce the risk of diabetes regardless of my weight. However, there is very limited evidence on the effectiveness of dietary changes without regular exercising (Penn et al., 2013).

Approximately 26% of the participants in the study were considered overweight/obese as based on their BMI percentiles gathered by the height and weight measurements conducted. Differences in the times spent in each of the levels of physical activity intensity were significant, showing that the study design was effective in inducing more physical activity in the high-intensity visit as compared to the low-intensity visit. The SRM values for the Actical accelerometer were at or above 1.2 for all cut-points and at all intensities of physical activity indicating high responsiveness to change for the Actical accelerometer. Comparisons between the cut-points for epoch length and between the 15 second epoch and 30 second epochs were made for each cut-point. The results showed there were no differences in SED responsiveness among cut-points for either epoch and that there were no significant differences in SRM values for any of the various intensities of physical activity when comparing between the two epochs. As for the ActiGrapgh accelerometer, the SRM values were at or above 1.1 for all cut-points, intensities, and epochs indicating a high responsiveness to change in physical activity for this accelerometer as well. The same comparisons were made with the ActiGraph as with the Actical and the same results were

Physical activity is important in the prevention of many diseases, not just type II diabetes patients. Type II diabetes patient need physical activity in order to regulate blood pressure, lower insulin resistance and control BMI. There are many more positive effects surrounding physical activity. It’s important for everyone to achieve the physical activity guidelines to lower their chance of

Although the tests performed in this study gauged the effects of body mass index (BMI) and physical activity on cardiovascular disease (CVD) very well, there is, of course, some information that might be questioned. First of all, many of the experiments that were carried out involved self-administered questionnaires. Since the subjects that were tested reported on their own physical activity there is a possibility of error, especially since every individual has his/her own ideas of how to measure physical activity. In addition, one of the studies tested only women who were already experiencing chest pain. Although that study suggested that exercise reduced chances of CVD more than BMI, these results could not be extended to men or asymptomatic individuals. Also, there was not a significant follow-up period after the experiments, so the long-term effects cannot be deduced. Lastly, one must consider that there are several other mechanisms that can contribute to CVD, such as diet and family history. These factors were not taken into account in this research.

There were 47 patients for this study, both men and women between the ages of 60 and 80 years, overweight, recently sedentary, nonsmokers, and had established type 2 diabetes without the use of insulin. The subjects were separated between two groups by the type of exercise they would perform. Both were provided a healthy eating plan designed to provide a moderate weight loss of 0.25 kg/week for the course of the study. Adherence to the diet was assessed in biweekly interviews with the participants. Both groups visited the exercise lab 3 nonconsecutive days per week for 6 months. The control group exercise was designed to increase flexibility but not improve cardiovascular

Adjustment for age, insulin sensitively among people who were known as vigorous PA five or more times a week was significantly higher than people who were never vigorous in PA

Heart, being the circulatory center, is subjected to various risk factors that may occur due to body functioning properly. The role of physical fitness is greatly acknowledged as a meta-analytic study that focused on the outcomes of 30 cohort studies, gave off the evidence that physical activity was found to be directly proportional to reduced risks of hypertension, when compared with a control group that had low levels of physical activity (Huai, et al, p. 1021-1026). Similarly, to determine the influence of physical fitness on the onset of type 2 diabetes, a research was conducted which aimed at determining the effects of physical activity, as opposed to the activity of a drug, metformin, on the impaired blood sugar level. The participants who were subjected to a healthy life style with a good diet and sufficient physical activity, exhibited a massive risk reduction in developing diabetes by 58%, whereas, the drug-induced treatment lowered the risk to only 31% (McKinney & James, et al, p.

(Taliaferro et.al 2011 pg. 8). This can be especially helpful for people who have newly acquired their disability in terms of coming to accept their disability, regaining the desire to integrate socially and it can help them regain their self-esteem. (Chawla, 1994). Other positive effects of physical activity in individuals with disabilities are improved bone metabolism, increased independence, increased mobility and a decrease in chronic disease and minor complications (Moon et al, 1982; Nishiyama et al, 1986; Lancioni et al, 1994 and 1998; Washburn et al, 2002; Nary et al, 2000 cited by Boland, 2005).

A risk factor is defined as “ a factor that raises the probability of adverse health outcomes”(WHO, 2009). WHO states that there are a number of risk factors present out of which, lack of physical activity is one of the cardinal risk factorsand account for 6% of mortality rate globally.According to Ministry of Health(2013),Physical inactivity is accountable for 4.2% of health loss in New Zealand and accounts for 25% of mortality rate due to coronary heart disease and diabetes, 20% due tobreast cancer and ischaemic stroke and 17% due to colon cancer. Moreover, lack of physical activity is one of the eight risk factors responsible for 61% of cardiovascular deaths globally. This risk factor has its roots inacomplex chain of eventsand has a fundamental role in aetiology of chronic diseases.(figure1)

According to Simmons and Brown (2013), the sedentary lifestyle is one of the 5 major risk factors for cardiovascular disease and causing over 3 million deaths each year in worldwide. In the past 10 decades, there are numerous scientific reports pointed out the relationships between cardiovascular health and physical activities. Based on the US Surgeon General’s report on Physical Activity and Health (1997), evidence from this report shows that more active individual tends to develop less coronary heart disease (CHD) than sedentary counterparts. Therefore, regular activities have been proved to have a positive effect on many of established risk factors for cardiovascular disease. This essay, firstly, will delineate the relationship between cardiovascular health and endothelial function. And follow by discussing how physical activities benefit cardiovascular health and endothelial function.