Paul Celan's Modes Of Silence

“Silence is violence” is a common phrase used by people nowadays which references people who lack initiative when it comes to speaking out against oppression. The same phrase could be applied to the ideas within Shusaku Endo’s novel, Silence. Endo was clever to name his novel Silence, because the word is a very prominent symbol within the story. In fact, it plays a crucial role to the development of the main character. Although some readers may argue that the role of silence in the book is neutral, I claim that silence plays a negative role for the characters because it is what causes protagonist Rodrigues to renounce his faith. In the story, it represents the silence of God, which induces Rodrigues to question his religion through the torture of innocent Japanese Christians.

Dystopian works force us to look at social problems because they exaggerate issues to get the viewer’s attention. By seeing where social problems can or will lead to in the future, people pay more attention to what is going on and they feel the need to do something about it. The song, “The Sound of Silence,” by Paul Simon is about being revealed to the light. Seeing what one was never realized before. It relates well to the allegory of the cave by Plato and the book Fahrenheit 451, it was actually written as a response to this book by Ray Bradbury. This song really shows how people in society do not think, they go along with what is going on and do not question, they do not act upon what is wrong.

35 - 39) only lend credence that his ambitions are in no way self motivated. By the next chapter he is completely consumed by his ambition. He no longer sees the beauties of nature and turns his back on the goodness and purity of life, which is symbolised by nature (and is, like the theme of the individual, an important theme in Romanticism), "My cheek had grown pale with study, and my person had become emaciated with confinement" (p. 44) and " The summer months passed while I was thus engaged, heart and soul, in one pursuit... my eyes were insensible to the charms of nature" (p. 45).

Silence by Endo Shusaku is portrayed from a cultural and religious suffering during the 1600s in Japan. The whole trip is carried out with a missionary enthusiasm for the hidden Christians of Japan but also for a personal curiosity to confirm if the stories of Priest Ferreira's apostasy was real.

In literature as in life people experience tragedy and suffering. Survivors of the Holocaust can relate to this in more ways than one. In the memoir, “Night”, by Elie Wiesel, it shows how humans can be cruel and kind. During the memoir, it also shows how courage and hope assist survival. Throughout the memoir, there are situations of dehumanization, cruelty, and suffering. This affects people in a such a way that causes intense diseases that they live with for the rest of their life. In contrast, kindness and compassion can positively affect people in their lives even while suffering through the worst of times. In the memoir, many people are faced with different challenges showing how their courage and faith can help them endure the toughest

Romanticism was a vast movement towards a validation of strong emotion and imagination, where love and the emphasis on nature took place not only intellectually, but within art, literature, and music. Contradicting the prior age of enlightenment and the rise of reason, the romantic era focused on the conflicting “irrational” theme characterized by feelings. Expediting the “underside” of the human psyche, Romantic poets endorsed sentimentality, melancholy, and teary-eyed nostalgia as emotional excesses. Championing as the under-conscious underdog and implementing the romantic themes, Fredrick Douglass took advantage of the impending popularity of slave narratives to perceive the horrid and unjust conditions of slavery.

The power of consciousness and thought- that inner voice of reason constraining one from happiness, or perhaps protecting one from the imminent fear and gloom encompassing the Earth. This is what Romanticist writers across the centuries have worked so sedulously to convey. In the 1700’s these topics frequently arose through what is known as gothic literature, a severe configuration of Romanticism. Most gothic literature writers including Edgar Allen Poe and Horacio Quiroga, demonstrate the universal idea of this inherent, earthly darkness through the use of two elements- entrapment and mental decay. These writers manipulate these elements to show that it is the unfathomable darkness present in people’s hearts and minds that claws at them, torments and traps them; draining the souls from their bodies leaving nothing behind but broken minds. The preceding elements of entrapment and mental decay are portrayed prevalently through “The Black Cat,” “The Feather Pillow,” and “The Raven.”

The genesis of Cormac McCarthy from a boy, into one of the most celebrated voices in Contemporary American Literature can be described as tenuous, as very little firsthand information has been volunteered. Born Charles John McCarthy Jr., to conservative Catholic parents in Providence, Rhode Island, Pulitzer Prize winning novelist, Cormac McCarthy has been mesmerizing audiences with a sparse and understated verbosity that has come to be recognized as “not only beautiful, but powerfully efficient as poetry,” (Maitzen). McCarthy is celebrated as a hometown hero by the people of Knoxville Tennessee and a literary icon by the most powerful woman in all of media, Oprah Winfrey. In spite of his near legendary status as an author, critics claim that he is “guilty of crimes against the English language,” claiming that

Characters presented in romantic writings are often heroic with introspection.. but reject the cultural norms and are sometimes isolated. Mary Shelley’s character Victor Frankenstein is an example of romanticism writer's’ imagination that hoped to create a new understanding of the world and lead to a more perfect version of human beings. Henry David Thoreau’s poem “Prayer” is

During World War II, German concentration camps exterminated and tortured the majority of the Jewish community in Europe. Understanding the suffering that the Jews went through during this time is difficult. The Romanian Holocaust survivor and poet Paul Celan wrote the poem “Death Fugue” in order to help others understand what he went through. This poem was written in German and first published in 1948. I will be using examples from the both English translation by Michael Hamburger and the English translation by John Felstiner.

A man’s search for meaning is an autobiography written by author Viktor Frankl. Viktor Frankl writes about spending three years in the concentration camps of Auschwitz, and Dacha, all of this occurring during the Holocaust. The book discusses the theme of survival during a time where horror and fear were all too common. Frankl uses a clear perspective by focusing on others tragic stories and more or less on his own experience. Frankl describes the fundamental necessity of hope and survival. Frankl’s psychological theory is called logotherapy, this theory is mainly focused on a man’s search for meaning in human existence. In other words suffering exists in the world, and humans adapt and gain meaning from that suffering. In Man’s search for meaning Viktor Frankl uses specific and detailed example during the holocaust to explain and further confirm his logo therapy theory, Frankl demonstrates how suffering can lead to meaning in one’s life.

The troubled souls of burdened authors in the late eighteenth through late nineteenth century permitted Romanticism to be recognized as the different development that characterized disaster and sentimentalism as the justification for delightful motivation. Authors amid this time were considered to be furious with no health to the spirit. Because of the substance that most sentimentalists showed, it is stated that most were sincerely and mentally aggravated. The unwillingness inside every spirit can be tended to as current misery. Be that as it may, in the 1800 's-1900 's sadness was not clinically diagnosable, in today 's psyches when we read most sentimentalists, their words feature a person who is under extreme mass misery. The American

Viktor Frankl's views of the possibility of finding meaning in response to the Holocaust are intrinsically different from those provided by other authors of this horrific experience, which include Wiesel, Levinas, and Buber, for the simple fact that Frankl actually lived through the depravation of the concentration camps. Wiesel lived through those concentration camps as well, but Frankl spent a greater amount of time there and the effects of that experience upon his narrative, person and perspective are considerably colored by that fact. An inextricable aspect of Frankl's narrative regarding his experience in the Holocaust, Man's Search for Meaning is the fact that he and other prisoners who were able to survive had to deal with having all meaning, sense, and sensation of their lives inexorably drained from them. The author differs from Wiesel in the fact that he spends a good deal of time in this manuscript actually detailing the recovery process from this experience. These other authors do not provide as much detail regarding this process, which influences their perception of the meaning of this travesty.

Public communication is very important when in a discussion with coworkers and such. The one weakness that some people run into is silence. The spiral of silence theory by Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann explains why certain people fall under the pressure and seclude to silence. Silence may not always be a bad thing, but according to a study by Lucy J. MacGregor, the fact is that silence during a speech or conversation is absolutely bad. With this, silence while talking to a large group negatively affects the listeners in a way in which some words in the speech will not be remembered. The point is that silence tends to destroy people’s speeches. Words are forgotten in the speech; Loss of the attention by the listeners happens and the

The Aeolian harp is a simple instrument that sounds music according to the wind. Its music depends primarily on the direction, speed, and strength of the wind, but there isn’t much to the harp other than that. Despite being just a simple instrument with a simple concept, it still manages to make an appearance in many Romantic poems, including the poems of Samuel Taylor Coleridge and Percy Bysshe Shelley. It’s natural that the Aeolian harp became a Romantic symbol because it lets itself be deeply affected by nature; however, one would think that it is already a solid concept, therefore it would appear to be the same in all Romantic poetry. While Coleridge and Shelley sometimes share ideas about the Aeolian harp, they manage to transform it in a multitude of ways that differ between the two poets and sometimes even in the individual poet’s own poetry. To Coleridge and Shelley the Aeolian harp is much more than an instrument that is played by the wind, it also stands for poetry, or humans themselves, and even the so-called “one life”.