Pavlov's Theory Of Classical Conditioning

The question being investigated is, what impact does classical conditioning have on animal or human life? Classical conditioning is the theory of learning that we will be using to investigate this question. The three aspects of the learning process that were evaluated is acquisition, extinction, and spontaneous recovery. During the acquisition, extinction, and spontaneous recovery trials there were different stimulus presented. In the acquisition trial, the US and NS were presented. In the extinction and spontaneous recovery trial, the US were only presented. There were five analysis conducted. In the first analysis it was expected for Sniffy to freeze more frequently in the post-acquisition trial than in the pre-acquisition trial. Second, it was expected for Sniffy to stop and freeze immediately when the light was presented, in extinction trial

When you first learn about Pavlov's dogs, that dogs learn to salivate to the ringing of a bell an "conditioned stimulus", when the bell had been rung before the presentation of food, an "unconditioned stimulus”, they see it as an odd, laboratory experiment, that is unrelated to everyday life. However, classical conditioning is more common than somebody would appreciates. An everyday example of classical conditioning would be taste aversion. This means that a person when they eat something which then would make them feel sick or unwell, would then tell their brain that they would not want to try it again or to avoid it. This is a modern day case because the food is the stimulus and the reaction of avoiding it is the unconditioned response. For example, after consuming too much alcohol, the person would then feel unwell around the smell or taste of alcohol. This would therefore make it a conditioned response as you would avoid the alcohol. (Richard hall,2017,

Classical conditioning is a type of learning through which an organism learns to associate one stimulus with another. It can also be known as respondent conditioning. The stimulus is any event or object in the environment to which an organism responds. The components of classical conditioning are as follows: Unconditioned response (UR) which is a response that is elicited by an unconditioned stimulus without prior learning. Unconditioned Stimulus (US) which elicits a specific unconditioned response without prior learning. Conditioned Stimulus (CS) which is a neutral stimulus that after repeated pairing with an unconditioned stimulus becomes associated with it and elicits a conditioned response. Conditioned response (CR) which

Through Ivan Pavlov's experiment with dogs and their reaction to stimulus, he set the basis for Classical conditioning. The methods of how classical conditioning works can be described in the following sequence (Mischel, 1993, p. 296):

Pavlov’s theory is to show that there are some things that a dog does not need to learn. When food is shown to the dog, the dog starts to salivate which shows we have got a response, this is an unconditioned response because when he salivates he cannot control it. He then set up an experiment to find out if the dog could be trained to salivate at other stimuli such as ringing a bell when it is time for the dog to eat. When ringing the bell there was no conditioned response from the dog which then led him to ring the bell with the food to see if the dog would still salivate. When ringing the bell with the food the dog then had an unconditioned response and started salivating again. The fourth time he rang the bell and took the food away, which

Ivan Pavlov was a psychologist in Russia in the early twentieth century. He was doing research on the salivation in dogs in response to being fed. He noticed that his dogs would begin to salivate whenever he entered the room, even when he was not bringing them food. At first he did not think much of this, but he decided to look more into this. He did more experiments with the dogs and different stimuli. Through his new experiments he came up with the theory of classical conditioning. Classical conditioning is learning that occurs when a neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus; because of this pairing, the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus with the same power as the unconditioned stimulus to elicit

We know that classical conditioning is when how our behaviors are affected when you have a stimulus. Even though Pavlov used a dog in order to explain classical conditioning and example I am going to use is my dog when I open a can. UCS is also known as an unconditioned stimulus which is when my dog would smell the food. UCR which is known as the unconditioned response is when my dog knows he needs to eat because he needs to eat to live. CS is known as the conditioned stimulus is when my dog hears me open his can of dog food in order to put food in his bowl. This is sort of like the bell in Pavlov’s study but the opening of the can. The CR which is the conditioned response is that once he hears the

Classical conditioning, also called respondent conditioning, involves the use of unconditioned stimuli (UCS), conditioned stimuli (CS) and/or neutral stimuli (NS) to achieve unconditioned responses (UCR) and conditioned responses (CR). One of the most famous cases of this was made by a Russian scientist named Ivan Pavlov. During Pavlov’s study of digestive processes in animals, for example, he noticed the dogs in his experiment would salivate when his lab assistants entered the room, whether or not they had food (Burch and Bailey, 1999). In this scenario, the lab assistant was originally a NC (neutral due to producing no response prior to food pairing), the food was the UCS and the salivation was the UCR. By associating the lab assistant (NS) with the food (UCS), the lab assistant became a CS to the dog and the salivating became a CR.

He first started his research on the dog’s digestion but he then started to notice that when the dog’s mouth started watering whenever they were presented with food. This could be considered a UCS because it’s a natural response to food. He also noticed that the dog’s mouth would water when someone with a lab coat walked in the room. Pavlov later discovered that this is due to classical conditioning. This is considered a conditioned response (CR). The dogs had to learn to associate the food with the people giving them the food. He then decided to start studying the conditioned response to the people in lab coats and the dogs drooling. Pavlov decided to start fresh. He introduced a bell to the dogs. At first the bell was not paired with the food. This was considered a neutral stimulus. Before it was paired with the food it didn’t mean anything to the dogs, just an extra noise. He started to condition the dogs by ringing the bell first and then right afterwards gives the dogs food. He had to make sure to give the dog’s food right after the bell was rung or it wouldn’t have made a difference. If the food was not given right after the bell was rung the dogs would not have associated the bell with getting food. After a while of conditioning Pavlov was able to just ring the bell and the dogs would promptly begin to salivate. This step is called the acquisition step; it’s when the animal or person has finally learned the

Classical conditioning, operant conditioning, as well as observational learning don’t only hold their influence in the field of psychology but can also affect the experiences in one’s life. These three concepts/theories are able to leave an impact through the duration of an individual’s development and life. Classical conditioning, operant conditioning and observational learning have been able to play a pivotal role through my initial fear then eventual confidence with public speaking. Classical conditioning is the “learning process that occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired”. A stimulus is what causes a reaction to be initiated.

In classical conditioning, a physical event (stimulus) that initially does not evoke a particular response gradually acquires the capacity to evoke that response as a result of repeated pairing with a stimulus that can evoke a response. Learning of this type is quite common and seems to play a role in such varied reactions as strong fears, taste aversions and even racial or ethnic prejudice. Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov discovered this method of learning while he was experimenting on the digestive systems of dogs. He noted that the dogs would naturally salivate after seeing the food, but that eventually the dogs also began to salivate whenever they saw the experimenter’s white lab coat.

This paper contains information on classical conditioning and explores several articles from some of the early and most famous physiologists like Ivan Petrovich Pavlov, and others that researched classic conditioning and how it may help explain fear and the many different types of

Classical conditioning, also known as Pavlovian conditioning (Davis, S. F., & Buskist, W. (2008). 21st century psychology: a reference handbook Page 312 (Vol. 1). Sage.) states our behaviours are instigated by associating certain stimuli with other behaviours which involves four main learning principles known as acquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery and stimulus generalisation and discrimination. (Martin, G.N., Carlson, N.R., and Buskist, W. (2013). Psychology. (5th ed.). Page 228 Harlow, Essex: Pearson Education. Chapter 7). Acquisition refers to the learning phase in classical conditioning when the conditioned stimulus increases in strength, extinction refers to when the conditioned stimulus is no longer linked with the unconditioned stimulus. Spontaneous recover refers to the resurfacing of the conditioned response after a period in which the response has been less apparent. Finally, stimulus generalisation and discrimination refers to when a conditioned response applies to similar stimuli, for example, being conditioned to fear a stuffed white rabbit the same behaviour will apply to an object of the same variety

Classical conditioning (CC) is a form of learning in which the subject associates a behavior with a certain stimuli. The theory of classical conditioning has been studied by many behavioral psychologists who believe that all behaviors are acquired through conditioning. CC was first observed by Ivan Pavlov and his observation of dogs salivating in response to the arrival of food. Pavlov is well known for training the dogs to salivate at the sound of a bell. The implications for Pavlov’s findings are significant as they can be applied to many animals, including humans (Jarius, et al., 2015). John Watson a behaviorist, used Pavlov’s findings to further study the human relationship between environmental cues and behavior. The study of CC is an

Briefly, Pavlov`s classical conditioning theory explain learning new behavior. He used dogs in his experiment. He explained three stages of classical conditioning. The unconditioned stimulus means that a stimulus in the environment has created a behavior (meat salivate the dog), Neutral stimulus that itself will not create a reaction (bell is ruining no salivate dog), conditioned stimulus means that neutral stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus together (meat and bell together salivate dog) and after conditioning means that neutral stimulus creates a conditioned response and becomes a conditioned stimulus(rang bell salivate