Pbtx-2 Research Paper

A voltage-gated sodium ion channel opens when there is a change in the voltage of the membrane and allows sodium ions to flow across its electrochemical gradient. These voltage-gated channels are made up of amino acids and they aid in generating and moving an action potential down a membrane or axon (Brooker, Robert, 106).

One of the most damaging algae species known to Florida along the south-west coast is the Karenia brevis, also known as Florida red tide. These microscopic algae bloom all year around in the Gulf of Mexico producing brevetoxins, which contains a suite of neurotoxic polyether compound. These blooms can last as long as 18 months fluctuating between insignificant blooms to critical, impacting both the marine ecosystems and humans health (Pierce and Henry, 2008). The Florida red tide will continue to be the cause of unexplained fish and other animal deaths, along with human illnesses unless more research and observations is done to find a way of controlling these algae blooms.

hb2 is a new law ongoing in North carolina. It removes protections for gay and lesbian workers. Permitting an employer to fire them for their love interest. And also requires transgender individuals to use their assigned birth sex bathrooms. Cities in North Carolina are also now not allowed to enforce their own anti discrimination protection laws.

As the water and the flocs particles progress through the treatment process, the move into sedimentation basin where the water moves slowly causing the heavy flocs particles to settle to the bottom of the sedimentation of the basin this is called sludge and is piped to drying lagoons in direct filtration the sedimentation step is not included and the floc is only removed by filtration system

Algae blooms have been an issue in the Chesapeake Bay, especially in the Baltimore Inner Harbor. Algae is a natural and critical part of the ecosystem, however in large doses it is harmful to the plants and organisms within the ecosystem. Algae blooms can block out sunlight and kill other plants in the water. Algae depends on various factors such as water, nutrients and carbon dioxide to grow. Eutrophication of the Inner Harbor has lead to algae blooms that have caused large fish kills in the past. When there is an over abundance of certain chemical nutrients eutrophication can occur. Runoff from land and farms is the main cause of excess nutrients into the water. The most common nutrients that are related to algae outbreaks are nitrate nitrogen and phosphate. In addition, a lack of dissolved oxygen can also be an indicator for the process of eutrophication and risk of an algae outbreak. A particular type of algae commonly found in Maryland is known as Prorocentrum minimum. Prorocentrum tends to cause “mahogany tides” causing water to be brown and have an odor. There has been a campaign launched by the Healthy Harbor

Red tide is the common name for a large concentration of certain species of dinoflagellates. This event accumulates harmful algal blooms quickly, resulting in discoloration near the surface water. Dense enough algal blooms cause harmful toxins strong enough to affect people and the oceans ecosystem as a whole. Karenia brevis is the most troublesome species of dinoflagellate in the Gulf of Mexico. This species reproduces by asexual cell division, therefore, given the right conditions, the population can rapidly increase in size. K. brevis needs large amounts of the correct nutrients to reproduce at toxic speed. The nutrients responsible for supporting Florida's red tide are nitrogen and phosphorus.

Fresh cell homogenate of G. semen collected from Lake Jelino (“FH” treatments) with chl-a range: 894 – 3576 mg m-3, caused distinct negative effect on Daphnia survival (Fig. 2.). It increased with the increasing biomass of alga and time of exposure. At lower chl-a concentrations (894 and 1778 mg m-3) the survival rate averaged 40% – 70 % after 24 h and 20 % – 30 % after 48 and 72 h of exposure. However, the addition of the most concentrated and fresh G.semen homogenized biomass (chl-a: 3576 mg m-3) caused 100% Daphnia mortality already after

Oxygen depletion will create stress which can take years to recover. These HABs can also suppress mammalian immune functions which results in mass mortalities of dolphins and manatees. This can be seen by a significant reduction in manatee lymphocytes in cell culture that are exposed to these toxins. With all of this evidence of the negative impacts of these toxins, it shows the need to recognize these biotoxins as significant stressors within south-west Florida coastal ecosystems.

During the last fortnight, I have been able to complete a flowchart for one of my research questions, further add some information to my research questions and send emails to two piano professionals. I have been able to email two professionals in the field of piano:Elton John and Lubomyr Melnyk( the world's fastest pianist). Although I haven´t received replies for either of them, I have uploaded screenshots of the emails that I sent and included them in my Process Journal. I was also able to create a flowchart on a website called lucidchart.com. My flowchart is an additional resource for readers to read information in a more visually attractive and appealing way. I have also edited some of research to add more detailed explanations and answers.

This red tide outbreak affects anyone and everyone who enjoys a day at the beach as well as Florida's marine life. If severe enough, it may negatively impact tourism in the area, thus denting Florida's tourist-dependent economy. In addition to targeting the local tourism industry, the seafood industry may suffer as well, as fish caught during red tide are typically inedible. If eaten, the infected organisms can pass along illnesses to those who consume them. As far as sewage exasperating the problem, it is important for the companies responsible to recognize and solve the issue, finding alternate ways to dispose of wastes.

Most people believe that as long as it is not washing up on our beaches, or it can’t be seen, it can’t affect us. However, toxins from Red Tide can become aerosolized to spread over land. When a wave splashes and all the water flies into the air, brevetoxins, which are released from Karenia Brevis, can travel on wind currents for miles and into the lungs of unlucky animals, including humans (Cook-Anderson para. 12). Exposure to toxins can cause severe respiratory irritation and trouble breathing. Prolonged exposure can cause problems including neurological disorders, asthmatic reactions, troubles with the immune system and other complications (Ji

PbTX was primarily found in feces, with a smaller number of positive secondary samples, such as gut contents. This finding is consistent with known primary routes of exposure for PbTX. Previous studies have found PbTX in samples of fat, heart, brain, liver, kidney, gonads, muscle, urine, feces (Poli et al., 1989; Tibbetts et al., 2006). Half-lives of the PbTX have been found across species, with reported half-life values of 12, 24, 116, and 266 hours in fish and mice (Tibbetts et al., 2006; Woofter et al., 2005). Poli et al. (1989), showed that 9% of the initial administered dose was still present in rats six days following exposure. In most studies, despite the exposure pathway, concentrations of PbTX were higher in liver and gastrointestinal

Bt [proteins] have been tested against a wide variety of terrestrial and aquatic invertebrates including earthworms, collembola, daphnids, insect predators and parasites, spiders, and honeybees and have been shown to have a high degree of safety for these non-target organisms. In most cases, no adverse effects were observed even though test populations were exposed to levels of toxin in excess of 500-1,000-fold concentrations than they would be expected to encounter under field conditions.

Cells respond to stimuli from the environment by enabling the passage of ions across the plasma membrane, a process that results in the propagation of an electrical signal. Ion channels are the key players of this process, the membranes of excitable cells are studded with a myriad of these integral membrane proteins, which transduce chemical and electrical stimuli into currents of charged chemical species (Hille, 2001). Owing to their pivotal role in cell physiology, a large number of genes encode for ion

Have you ever heard about the redness of water in coastal region of West Florida and Gulf of Mexico? Even though this redness in water makes beautiful scene for many of us, it is actually harmful to many of the aquatic species and humans on earth. One of the organisms which is responsible for the discoloration of water is Karenia Brevis. This is commonly known as Red tide in many parts of the world. Karenia brevis (formally known as Gymnodinium breve and Ptychodiscus brevis) is marine dinoflagellate Protista, commonly known for its toxin, is responsible for the Florida and Texas Red tide ( Global Biodiversity). Scientists also refers to K. brevis as Harmful algae blooms as it produces series of bretoxins (neurotoxins) which contributes to