Pediatric Fear-Avoidance Model Of Chronic Pain Psychology

The psychological processes in the article include pain perception, and how we as humans perceive pain, how we react to it, and how we adapt to it. The article explains the pain signaling process and how pain can be amplified. For example, when we get pricked by a needle, a signal from our finger ascends through the spinal cord to reach parts of the brain. From there, we perceive pain, then we form a pain experience. Pain perception can be resulting from several factors such as the frequency of pain input, how sensitive the CNS is, How the body reacts after brain perceives and tries to send information to the injured area. A pain experience is when we have the urge to put a band aid on our injury, or be scared to get pricked from a needle again. However, each pain experience differs from one culture to the other, moreover, one person to the other. The article is conducting a research paper about pain and pain perception in different ethnic groups.

Psychological factors are known to contribute to how people experience and cope with pain. However, as people age, they experience normative age-related changes in psychological functioning. Thus, much of what is known about psychology and pain may not necessarily apply to older adults, unless it has specifically been tested in older populations. This is a particularly important point, because pain remains a major problem for millions of older adults. Furthermore, it is expected that the populations of older adults in America will increase significantly in the coming years, as people are living longer now that at any other point in history. Given that psychology changes across the lifespan, and that pain is a problem in older populations, this

In a study conducted by Hatfield and Young (2007), 1,727 procedures such as venipuncture, intravenous (IV) catheter placement, intramuscular (IM) injections, urinary catheterizations, and nasogastric tube placement in 1,210 children have been reviewed. Their findings reveal that almost none of the patients received pain management. Although traumatic for the patient, these procedures are considered to be minor by many nurses, and the culture of pain management has not been seen as the standard of care (Hatfield & Young, 2007). Nursing staff is encouraged to change the culture by embracing their role as patient advocate. Every patient deserves a triage pain assessment with ongoing assessments as necessary. Pain control measures must be implemented prior to beginning potentially painful procedures. Discussion must take place between the parents and healthcare staff in order to deliver the best comfort measures on a case-by-case basis.

First pain is an everyday experiences that is expressed through the use of language and is then legitimized (Waddie, 1996). If a patient as a history of depression or chronic pain they have pain every day and the concept is used to help explain their pain. As nurse we use the concept of pain to find a base line of the pain and to assess new pain. In surgical patients they may have multiple types of pain from the incision, emotional, and history. The concept educates the nurse of the different form that pain can present itself. Pain can also guide how we treat the patient. Emotional pain would not be treated with the “so know pain pills”, but with talking or listening to patient. Concept of pain also address the different form of patient and how the nurse and patient response to it. If a patient is having somatic pain from an incision the nurse could react by applying heat or ice. Pain is what the patient says it is.

To most people, pain is a nuisance, but to others pain controls their life. The feeling discomforts us in ways that can sometimes seem almost imaginable. These feelings can lead to many different side effects if not dealt with or diagnosed. These effects can include depression, anxiety, and incredible amount of stress. The truth about pain is that it is vital to our existence. Without the nervous system responding to pain, we would have no idea if we were touching a hot stove, being stuck by a porcupine’s needles, or something else that could leave a lasting effect upon our bodies without us even knowing anything about it.

Another obstacle to controlling pain in said population is that there is an “increased prevalence of cognitive, sensory-perceptual, and motor problems that interfere with a person’s ability to process information and to communicate [as

1. Comment on the passage on page 54 that begins "Most of the craziness in this world-violence, addictions and frenetic activity comes from running away from pain." Disguising a person 's name (if you use one) and applying the value of confidentiality, discuss some of your observations at your field placement of people (or perhaps even staff or the organization as a whole) in "pain". Using a "person in environment" perspective and a bio-psycho-social-spiritual lens, discuss your findings. (Hint: use this question to get ready to informally present a case or pertinent clinical example during small group in the next few weeks.)

1.) The fear-avoidance model states the primary affective and cognitive components that influence pain perception are pain-related fear, (including re-injury and fear of movement) and pain catastrophizing. The components determine an individual’s initial behavior response to acute pain, which ranges from avoidance to confrontation. Avoidance is associated with a high level of anxiety, fear, and catastrophizing and propels the individual to have an increased attention to pain. Confrontation is associated with lower levels of anxiety fear and catastrophizing and is more of an adaptive response to pain. 2.)

This year everyday Friday in Language I have been working on a project called the 20-Time. The 20- Time project is when we take twenty percent of our time to create a project for the greater good. This concept is being used throughout many schools in the country. Based off this concept many great successes have occurred. For example, Gmail and Google Maps were both created from the 20-Time. What I have been researching for the 20- Time Project is a disorder called Congenital Analgesia. Another name for it is called Congenital Insensitivity to Pain (CIP). CIP is a rare condition that inhibits the body’s ability to perceive physical pain. During this project I had many successes, a huge hurdle to overcome, and I learned many things. It is my goal to detail my personal reflections about working on the 20-Time project.

Pediatric pain management is measured subjectively because it is based off of what the patient says or how the nurse interprets the pain scale. Pain is rated using different scales, unfortunately these different scales could yield different results. Nurses are trained to use pediatric pain scales to analyze and treat pain but parents are not supplied with the tools to manage pain when the patient goes home. With 84% of all pediatric surgical procedures performed on an outpatient basis, the importance of teaching parents how to assess for and manage pain has become more important than ever (Rony, Fortier, Chorney, Perret, & Kain, 2010). According to Rony’s et al. (2010) study, it is apparent that pediatric pain is not being treated effectively. The study showed that 58.8% of children were receiving less than the daily recommended does prescribed by the pediatrician (p.1). Results of the study also showed that parents had false assessments on if their child was actually in pain. 36% of parents believed that if their child was in pain, they would cry out for the parent , 30% agreed that their child would always tell them if they are in pain, while 22% said that the child would report their pain immediately (Rony, Fortier, Chorney, Perret, & Kain, 2010, ). Children do not always verbalize when they are in pain. Sometimes the pain can be so intense that a child is unable to talk. If the child catches on to the parents negative perception of pain medications, the child may not

Policies and resources are important tools to use for guidance on developing a plan of care for pediatric pain management. Nurses must look at their hospital policies to determine the appropriate actions to take. The Doernbecher Children’s Hospital in Oregon developed a policy using a multi-modal approach for the staff to follow. A multi-modal approach is where pain management is provided before, during, and after all procedures that may cause pain and/or anxiety for the child (Oregon Health & Sciences University, 2012). Team huddles are used before procedures to discuss the appropriate pain management approach that will be used based on the child. The nurse’s report and assessment on the child’s past perceptions of pain, any current symptoms the child is facing, and cultural background are important for other members of the healthcare team to create a proper plan during huddle. If the child’s nurse feels that the child needs more pain interventions, the nurse may stop the procedure to provide the child with additional comfort measures (Oregon Health & Sciences University, 2012). The policy in place at Doernbecher Children’s Hospital is developed in order to provide the child with compassionate care while alleviating pain and anxiety that will decrease any physical or psychological effects caused by untreated pain. All hospitals must have a pain policy in place for guidance on how to provide quality care.

Illness refers to the ways in which the sick person, the members of the family and wider social network perceive, live with, and respond to symptoms and disability. Illness and pain is a subjective experience that varies between each individual person. Alisha Ghosh is my cousin; she is a 22-year-old female student, currently in her fourth year at the University of Waterloo. Alisha suffers from sever chronic migraines which hinders and interferes with her daily life. Additionally, Alisha’s mother also sufferes from sever chronic migraines. It is evident that Alisha’s attitude towards pain is highly influenced by her mother. Further more, when Alisha’s mother would experience pain from sever migraines she would isolate herself in her room and turn off all the lights as it made her migraines worse. Similarly, whenever Alisha begins to experience migraine pains she isolates herself into her dark room. This illustrates how child-rearing practices shape and influence attitudes towards the expectations of pain and how to deal with it.

In emergency rooms across the United States one of the most common complaints is pain. Recently, there have been reports on the news saying that doctors have a problem with prescribing too much pain medication. That may be true for adults but the same cannot be said for pediatric patients. A study of 24,707 Emergency Department (ED) visits reported that one 44% of pediatric patients have very little pain control in spite of pain documentation (Ramira, Instone, & Clark, 2016, p. 39). Sometimes it seems as though health care professionals take the pain of an adult more serious than a child’s. In the article, Pediatric Pain Management: An Evidence-Based Approach conducted by Maria Ramira, APRN, Susan Instone, APRN, and Mary Clark, PhD RN seeks to address this issue and introducing methods that might improve pediatric pain management.

The International Association for the Study of Pain defines pain as “an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage” (1979). Pain is actually the culprit behind warranting a visit to a physician office for many people (Besson, 1999). Notoriously unpleasant, pain could also pose a threat as both a psychological and economic burden (Phillips, 2006). Sometimes pain does happen without any damage of tissue or any likely diseased state. The reasons for such pain are poorly understood and the term used to describe such type of pain is “psychogenic pain”. Also, the loss of productivity and daily activity due to pain is also significant. Pain engulfs a trillion dollars of GDP for lost work time and disability payments (Melnikova, 2010). Untreated pain not only impacts a person suffering from pain but also impacts their whole family. A person’s quality of life is negatively impacted by pain and it diminishes their ability to concentrate, work, exercise, socialize, perform daily routines, and sleep. All of these negative impacts ultimately lead to much more severe behavioral effects such as depression, aggression, mood alterations, isolation, and loss of self-esteem, which pose a great threat to human society.

This paper is going to talk about how to deal with chronic pain. First of all, this paper will explain what chronic pain means by providing the foremost chronic pain encountered in life such as low back, joints, or other kinds. Next, this paper will cover why it is important to address conditions related to chronic pain, and will explore methods and strategies showing how to cope with continuing pain. Finally, this paper will share some predictable outcomes and a conclusion.